1. Rebellion Upper and Lower Canada
1.1. Upper Canada
1.1.1. Upper Canada was on the west side where Ontario is currently and was led by William Lyon Mackenzie, a newspaper publisher, and a reformist politician.
1.2. Rebellion
1.2.1. The Rebellion was led by a group of reformists who were furious about the lack of political representation and the autocratic rule of the colony's appointed governors. In Upper Canada the Rebellion was defeated by the government forces at the Battle of Montgomery's Tavern. In Lower Canada the Rebellion was quickly shut down by British troops, many of the leaders were executed and arrested.
1.2.1.1. Even though the Rebellion was shut down, it led to many changes in the government such as the granting of responsible government 1848. The reason it led to government changes was because of Lord Durham. He investigated and the causes of the rebellion which ultimately led to a series of changes and reforms.
1.3. Results
1.3.1. In the end, the rebellion was shut down but it wasn't the end. Lord Durham's report had a solution which would unite the government of Upper and Lower Canada. This report was what led to the Act of Union. The Act of Union was passed by the British Parliament and was made to unite the two Canadas. It would resolve political and economic issues in both Canadas which was caused because of lack of communication and cooperation. The government was made up of equal members from both Canadas with a new governor general, a legislative council, and elected assembly.
1.4. Oligarchy
1.4.1. Oligarchy is a type of government where a small group of people are in control of the country. During the Rebellion both Canadas were wanting a change in the government.
1.5. Lower Canada
1.5.1. Lower Canada was located on the east side where Quebec is currently, it was called Lower Canada since it was on the lower end of the St. Lawrence River. Lower Canada was led by Louis-Joseph Papineau.
2. Changing in the Prairies
2.1. Manitoba Act
2.1.1. The Manitoba Act was a act that allowed French-speaking people in the province of Manitoba and North-West Territories to establish hand maintain separate schools. It also allowed the use of French and English in the legislature and courts.
2.2. Bison
2.2.1. Bison's were mainly used to trade because of their prime hides. The Hudson Bay company traded around 75000 bison robes to posts in Canada.
2.3. Northwest Mounted Police
2.3.1. The Northwest Mounted Police was established in 1873 to help bring law and order to the West side of Canada which was at the time unregulated. They were involved in many conflicts with the Metis, particularly during the Red River and North-West Rebellions. The police would enforce federal policies towrads indigineous people which would result in forced relocation and suppresstion of their life and culture.
2.4. Lawrence Clark
2.4.1. Lawrence was the Chief Factor of the Saskatchewan District of the Hudson's Bay company. He was known for worsening the lives of the Metis. He was one of the most hated people by the Metis.
2.5. Treaty Process
2.5.1. The treaty was mainly focused on reserves. These reserves would be specific places where the Metis could live in.
2.6. Land Speculation
2.6.1. Land Speculation was the practice of buying land mostly by European settlers and traders. They would buy land with fur-bearing animals which they would trade/sell. Buying the land would displace indigenous people and prevent them from hunting/fishing.
3. CPR
3.1. John. A. Macdonald.
3.1.1. John was the Prime Minister while the CPR was being built. He played a very important role in the development and construction of the CPR which connected Canada West and East. This would create great economic growth.
3.2. Benefits
3.2.1. Some benefits of the CPR were increased tourism and immigration, it played a significant role in the development and settlement of the west coast, it also brought economic growth from trades since it was a lot faster to trade. Communication was a lot easier too, normally communication could take days but with the railway it could take hours.
3.3. Problems
3.3.1. Most of the problems were during the building stage of the CPR. For example many Chinese workers died because they were forced to do very dangerous jobs for very little pay. Other problems were the vast amount of trees that they had to get rid of, on top of this all the wildfires that would start because of the construction.
3.4. Confederation
3.4.1. The Confederation was the process which the railway was built and how it would play a role in the formation of Canada. It was Canadas goal to create a transcontinental railway. It would be constructed by CPR.
3.5. National Policy
3.5.1. National Policy was a economic policy that was implemented by John. A. Macdonald in 1879. Its purposed was to promote economic development and nation-building in the West side of Canada. Some of the policies were immigration to the west, tariffs, infrastructure, and National Unity.
4. Indian Act
4.1. Assimilation
4.1.1. Assimilation is the act where a group of people are stripped from their culture. For example, in the Indian Act assimilation was brought upon the Indians, or the Indigenous people. The whites killed their culture and forced them to be just like them.
4.2. Treaties
4.2.1. There were only a few treaties between the Indigenous and Whites. They were called the Gradual Civilian act of 1857 and the Gradual Enfranchisement Act of 1869. These were implemented to remove any special rights the Indigenous had so they could completely assimilate them.
4.3. Reserves
4.3.1. Reserves were plots of land that the Canadian government set aside for the Indigenous. There were treaties that agreed that these plots were exclusively for Indian Bands.
4.4. Lateral Violence
4.4.1. Lateral Violence is harmful or aggressive behavior that is oppressed to a group or individual. The Indian Act stripped Indians from their language, culture, and autonomy. There was also many fights between Indigenous because there were some "status Indigenous".
4.5. Residential School
4.5.1. Residential Schools were specific types of schools made for the Indigenous. They would force young Indigenous people to go to these schools and they would be culturally killed. The staff in these schools would also treat the students very poorly. They fed them horrible food, beat them, and harassed them.
4.6. Land, Resource, and governance
4.6.1. During the Indian Act, the Indigenous got reserves. Like I said before, they were plots of land that were exclusively for the Indigenous. Although the Indigenous "owned" the land, the Canadian government could just take it away whenever they wanted. They also could take resources. The Canadian Government watched over and treated them they were little kids, this was very disrespectful to the Indigenous.
5. Red River Resistance
5.1. Selkirk Settlement
5.1.1. The Selkirk Settlement was established in 1812 by Lord Selkirk. It was in the Red River where Manitoba is currently. It was created to provide new homes for Irish and Scottish immigrants.
5.2. Pemmican Proclamation
5.2.1. The Pemmican Proclamation was a law that was issued by the government that would prohibit the export of pemmican. Pemmican was a high energy food that was made from dried bison meat. They prohibited the export because the HBC needed pemmican to feed their employes.
5.3. NWC
5.3.1. During the Red River Resistance NWC moved and built at Fort Gibraltar in 1809. Across the river was their biggest competitor, HBC.
5.4. Louis Riel
5.4.1. Louis Riel became the Meti's spokesman in 1869. He led a group from Red River that prevented a land-survey party from entering their colony, they also stopped McDougall from entering.
5.5. Metis Rights
5.5.1. During the Red River Resistance the Metis were afraid that they were going to lose their rights and culture. Because of this, they started a resistance with Louis being the leader. They won and their land tites were guaranteed, with over 607,000 hectares reserved for them.
5.6. Battle Seven Oaks
5.6.1. The Battle Seven Oaks took place in June 19, 1816. The battle was a culmination of the escalating fur trades and Pemmican Wars. It was between Indigenous and HBC.
6. Northwest Uprising
6.1. Causes
6.1.1. There were many known causes but these were the main ones. The Metis were concerned about their land rights and survival. Following this a decline in Bison and increase in white settlers. Bison was the major food source for Metis and other indigenous groups.
6.2. Metis Bills of Rights
6.2.1. The Metis Bills of Rights was created by Louis Riel and it would give land titles for Metis, and provincial status for Saskatchewan, Red River, and Alberta. It would also give better treatment for the indigenous.
6.3. Battles
6.3.1. There were many battles that ended with many wounds or deaths. The main ones were The Battle of Duck Lake, Battle of Batoche, Battle of Fish Creek, Battle of Cut Knife, Battle of Fort Pitt, Battle of Loon Lake, and the Battle of Frenchman's Butte.
6.4. Louis Riels's Return
6.4.1. Louis Riel was a Canadian politician and the political leader of the Metis. He returned from exile in 1884, he was exiled in 1870 and stayed in the US. The reason he was exiled was because of his role in the Red River Resistance. When he returned, he was called upon my Metis leaders in Saskatchewan. They were attempting to fix longlasting grievances with the Canadian government, this led to a conflict between them. The Metis were defeated at The Battle of Batoche. This is where Louis was sent to trial and convicted of high treason.
6.5. Thomas Scott
6.5.1. Thomas Scott was a Irish Protestant who moved to the Red River Valley in 1869. Soon after he joined the Canadian Party. Thomas Scott was a rude person who would get drunk at fight at bars. Louis Riel arrest Thomas Scott after he said many racist slurs to him for not releasing prisoners. While Thomas Scott was in prison, he treated the guards horribly. He was an overall jerk, he was executed by a firing squad. After he died, Riel was blamed for the death so many protestants insisted that he should be arrested. People overexaggerated and made it look like Louis killed an innocent man for no reason.
6.6. Results
6.6.1. In the end the Northwest Uprising ended when the Metis lost the battle of Batoche. There were hundreds dead and the Metis were defeated by federal troops. The aftermath left many Metis kicked out of their traditional land and moved to areas in the US such as Lewiston or Fort Belknap.
7. History of BC
7.1. Oregon Territory
7.1.1. The Oregon Territory was land that was owned by the US and Great Britain from 1818-1846. They also owned parts of where BC is today, Canada, and parts of Washington, and Idaho in the US. During this time, the HBC (Hudson Bay Company) established trading posts in that region and starting trading. In 1846 the Oregon Treaty was signed which established the 49th paralell as the border between Canada and USA. Except for Vancouver island which would go under by a little bit,
7.2. Immigration
7.2.1. Immigration had a big impact on BCs history. The first immigrants were the indigenous people, they lived there for thousands of years until European settlers came and ruined their peaceful lives. Many Chinese people lived in BC after working on the CPR. Currently there are many immigrants that are moving to BC every year.
7.3. American Border
7.3.1. The American Border had a significant role in the History of BC. It was first implemented after the Oregon Treaty was signed. It was called the 49th parallel. Since the border was implemented so early, it created a great relationship between Canada and the US.
7.4. Fraser Canyon War
7.4.1. The Fraser Canyon war was between American gold miners and the Nlaka'pamux Indigenous people during the summer of 1858. It first started when the Indigenous people performed scattered attacks on the Americans. They did this to try to remove them from their land. After this, the Americans got furious and wanted the resources that they had so they created a military and violently attacked the Indigenous. The war ended in August 21 1858, when the Indigenous called a truce.
7.5. Fort Vancouver
7.5.1. Fort Vancouver was the headquarters of HBC. It was a British fur trading post that was built in 1824. It was made to optimize the HBC operations in Oregon Country. It was know as "the great center of business in the west side of the continent." It was known as that because ships from places like London would sail and trade goods.
8. Fur Trade
8.1. HBC
8.1.1. HBC also know as the Hudson Bay Company was one of the largest company's in Canada. They had many trading posts and opened up many more while the Fur Trade was happening. Fort Vancouver being its largest. They built networks of posts that would bring trading closer to its primary source.
8.2. Merger
8.2.1. HBC and NWC were each others main competitors during the fur trade. There was lots of violence that went between the two company's. After the company's merged, they had an increased amount of profits since there was no competition. HBC was the strongest company after the merger.
8.3. Impacts
8.3.1. There were many impacts of the Fur Trade, some being positive some being negative. A negative impact was the effect it had on indigenous people. The Fur Trade brought diseases and disruption to indigenous cultures and communities. It also led to decline in hunting and trapping throughout the indigenous people. A positive impact was the economic growth. The fur trade helped the country prosper and support the foundation of Canadian economy. The fur trade also had a big impact on the wildlife, many animals were slaughtered and dislocated from their natural habitats which led to the depletion of animal populations.
8.4. NWC
8.4.1. NWC also know as the North West Company was HBC's best competitor. They were formed in 1783 by a group of Montreal-based merchants and fur traders. The competition between NWC and HBC was very fierce. It led battles such as the Beaver Wars which helped increase trade posts and exploration of new territory. NWC ended in 1821 after the merger, where they merged with HBC/