Enlightenment & Revolution Shared

1. Michael de Montaigne

1.1. 1533-1592, French

1.2. on cannibals

1.3. non european

2. Adam Ferguson

2.1. 1723-1816, Scottish

2.2. sociology

2.3. Ethical System: morality to achieve perfection / self-interest+ self-preservation

2.4. Political System: well regulated liberty, free government

2.5. Social System: universal benevolence, mutual sympathy (empathy)

2.6. Essay on the History of Civil Society 1767

2.7. History 2 tiered: natural history made by Gods, social history made by humans in accordance with God

2.8. Whig - progress

3. David Hume

3.1. 1711-1776, Scottish

3.2. A Treatise of Human Nature 1739

3.3. Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion 1777

3.4. opposition to rationalists (Descartes) - desire not reason governs human nature. "Reason is, and ought only to be, the slave of the passions."

3.5. knowledge only through experience. empiricist

3.6. not surprised Rousseau's books banned but allows him to lodge when in exile in England

3.7. science ethics commerce religion

4. Thomas Hobbes

4.1. 1588-1679, British

4.2. Leviathan 1651

4.3. self interest?

4.4. natural law tradition & enlightened despotism

4.5. noble savage

4.6. human origins conjectural history

5. Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat

5.1. 1689-1755, French

5.2. separation of powers

5.3. each historical event guided by movement, downplays chance

5.4. pre-cursor of anthropology

5.5. two types of gov power: sovereign/ administrative (exec, legal, judicial)

5.6. enlightened despotism?

5.7. anti-slavery

5.8. The Spirit of the Laws

5.9. Persian Letters

5.10. non-european old regime women

6. George Wilhelm Leibniz

6.1. 1646-1716, German

6.2. optimism: the universe is best possible of all worlds

6.3. rationalism religion

6.4. New Essays on Human Morality

7. Maximilien Robespierre

7.1. anti-slavery

7.2. anti-death penalty

7.3. 1758-1794 (executed), French

7.4. terror

8. John Locke

8.1. English 1632-1704

8.2. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1690

8.3. identity and self

8.4. knowledge only by experience & sense perception

8.5. property is natural right derived from labour

8.6. human nature characterised by reason and tolerance

8.7. conjectural history

9. Rene Descartes

9.1. 1596-1650, Dutch

9.2. rationalism

9.3. Meditations on First Philosophy

9.4. Passions of the Soul

9.5. Scientific Revolution

9.6. "cogito ergo sum"

9.7. mind/ body dualism

10. Voltaire

10.1. 1694-1778, French

10.2. Candide 1759

10.3. Philosophical Letters on the English - exiled to Britain 1726-28

10.4. Treatise on Tolerance 1763

10.5. Micromegas - science fiction?

10.6. article on Historiography in Diderot's Encyclopedie

10.7. Translate Newton's Principia

10.8. lover with Emilie de Chatelet

10.9. science religion (v rousseau) non-european history

11. Baruch Spinoza

11.1. 1632-1677, Jewish-Dutch

11.2. mind body single identity

11.3. no free human will, only belief that it is free. actions guided by natural impulses

11.4. religion

12. Bernard de Mandeville

12.1. 1670-1733, Dutch

12.2. The Fable of the Bees 1705

12.3. political satire of England. Tories accusing John Churchill of advocating the War of Spanish Succession for personal reasons.

12.4. division of labor

12.5. individuals' collective actions brig about public benefit / vicious greed guidance necessary

12.6. ethics conjectural history religion

13. Adam Smith

13.1. 1723-1790, Scottish.

13.2. The Theory of Moral Sentiment 1759

13.3. The Wealth of Nations 1776

13.4. religiosity debated

13.5. mutual sympathy (empathy)

13.6. division of labor

13.7. individual's collective actions cause public benefit / virtuous self-interest, no guidance necessary

13.8. ethics commerce

14. Olympe de Gogues

14.1. 1748-1793, French

14.2. Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Femal Citizen 1791

14.3. anti-slavery. rights of illegitimate children. sexual relations external to marriage.

14.4. Contrat Social 1791

14.5. human nature women

15. Marquis de Condorcet

15.1. 1743-1794, French

15.2. science?

15.3. human nature women

16. Mary Wollstonecraft

16.1. 1759-1797, British

16.2. A Vindication on the Rights of Men 1790

16.3. A Vindication of the Rights of Women 1792

16.4. THoughts on the Education od Daughters 1787

16.5. human nature women

17. Jean-Jacques Rousseau

17.1. 1712-1778, Genevan

17.2. Emile, or On Education 1762

17.3. Julie, or the New Heloise 1761

17.4. Discourse on the Origin of Inequality (Second Discourse) 1754

17.5. On the Social Contract 1762

17.6. Frederick the Great of Prussia

17.7. human origins science commerce religion nation

18. Hegel

18.1. 1770-1831. German

18.2. freedom/ self-determination is real

19. Edmund Burke

19.1. Irish 1729-1797

19.2. support for American revolution, opposition to French.

19.3. Reflections on the Revolution in France

19.4. A Philosophical Inquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful, 1757

19.5. revolution

20. Denis Diderot

20.1. 1713-1784, French

20.2. Encyclopedie 1751-1772

20.3. Jean Le Rond d'Alembert ed. until 1759

20.4. response to Burke''s inquiry?

20.5. Supplement to Bougainville's Voyage 1772 (published 1796)

20.6. The Nun, 1760 (published 1796)

20.7. non-european enlightened despotism

21. Francois de Graffigny

21.1. 1695-1758, French

21.2. stayed in Cirey with Voltaire and Emilie de Chatelet in 1738-9

21.3. Parisian salon . received d'Alembert Diderot Montesquieu ROusseau Voltaire

21.4. Letters from a Peruvian WOman 1747

21.5. human nature women non-european

22. Immanuel Kant

22.1. 1724-1804, German

22.2. reason is source of morality

22.3. human perception structures natural laws

22.4. Critique of Pure Reason 1781

22.5. response to Burke - didn't understand causes of mental effects

22.6. public sphere ethics cultural difference

23. Alexis de Toqueville

23.1. 1805-1859 French

23.2. Democracy in America

23.3. The Old Regime and the Revolution

23.4. religion compatible with equality and individualism, but should be separate from politics