1. Unit 1
1.1. Module 1
1.1.1. Lesson 1
1.1.1.1. Uniformitarianism
1.1.1.1.1. Geologic processes that occur today are similar to the ones that have occured in the past.
1.1.1.2. Absolute Age
1.1.1.2.1. The actual age of events.
1.1.1.3. Relative Age Dating
1.1.1.3.1. Geologists use rock layers and fossils within to build a record of Earth's geologic history.
1.1.1.4. Sediment
1.1.1.4.1. Matter that settles to the bottom of a liquid.
1.1.1.5. Strata
1.1.1.5.1. A layer or a series of layers of rock in the ground.
1.1.1.6. Relative Age
1.1.1.6.1. The age of rocks and geologic freatures compared with other rocks and features nearby.
1.1.1.7. Superposition
1.1.1.7.1. In undisturbed rock layers, the oldest rock are on the bottom.
1.1.1.8. Original Horizontality
1.1.1.8.1. Most rock-forming materials are deposited in horizontal layers.
1.1.1.9. Lateral Continuity
1.1.1.9.1. Sediments are deposited in large, continuous sheets in all lateral directions.
1.1.1.10. Inclusions
1.1.1.10.1. If one rock contains pieces of another rock, the rock containing the pieces is younger than the pieces.
1.1.1.11. Cross Cutting Relationships
1.1.1.11.1. If one geologic feature cuts acress another feature, the feature that it cuts across is older.
1.1.1.12. The fossil record
1.1.1.12.1. The totality of fossilized artifacts and their placement within the earth's rock strata.
1.1.1.13. Mass Extinctions
1.1.1.13.1. Times when many species on Earth died or became extinct within a short period of time.
1.1.2. Lesson 2
1.1.2.1. Unconformities
1.1.2.1.1. The surfaces where rock has eroded away, producing breaks, or gaps, in the rock record.
1.1.2.2. Angled unconformity
1.1.2.2.1. When horizontal layers of sedimentary rock are deformed during mountain building or other geologic events, and are uplifted and tilted.
1.1.2.3. Disconformity
1.1.2.3.1. The eroded surface made when a horizontal layer of sedimentary rock overlies another horizontal layer of sedimentary rock that has been eroded.
1.1.2.4. Nonconformity
1.1.2.4.1. The eroded surface made when a layer of sedimentary rock overlies a layer of igneous rock or metamorphic rock.
1.1.2.5. Correlation
1.1.2.5.1. The matching of rock layers or fossils exposed in one geographic region to similar layers or fossils exposed in other geographic regions.
1.1.2.6. Key Bed
1.1.2.6.1. A rock or sediment layer used as a marker to help geologists correlate rock formations in different geologic areas.
1.1.2.7. Geologic Time Scale
1.1.2.7.1. A model of Earth's history from its origin 4.6 billion years ago to the present.
1.2. Module 2
1.2.1. Lesson 1
1.2.1.1. James Watson
1.2.1.1.1. An American molecular biologist, geneticist, and zoologist who proposed the double helix structure of the DNA molecule
1.2.1.2. Francis Crick
1.2.1.2.1. An English molecular biologist, biophysicist, and neuroscientist who worked on deciphering the helical structure of the DNA molecule.
1.2.1.3. Rosalind Franklin
1.2.1.3.1. A British chemist and X-ray crystallographer whose work was central to the understanding of the molecular structures of DNA, RNA, viruses, coal, and graphite.
1.2.1.4. Double Helix
1.2.1.4.1. The structure formed by double stranded molecules of nucleic acids such as DNA
1.2.1.5. DNA
1.2.1.5.1. A polymer that forms a double helix that carries genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth and reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses.
1.2.1.6. Nucleotide
1.2.1.6.1. A molecule made of a nitrogen base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.
1.2.1.7. Nitrogenous Base
1.2.1.7.1. Nitrogen-containing biological compounds that form nucleosides.
1.2.1.8. Adenine
1.2.1.8.1. A compound which is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids, paired with thymine in double-stranded DNA.
1.2.1.9. Guanine
1.2.1.9.1. A compound that occurs in guano and fish scales, and is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids, paired with cytosine in double-stranded DNA.
1.2.1.10. Thymine
1.2.1.10.1. A compound which is one of the four constituent bases of nucleic acids, paired with adenine in double-stranded DNA.
1.2.1.11. Cytosine
1.2.1.11.1. A compound found in living tissue as a constituent base of nucleic acids, paired with guanine in double-stranded DNA.
1.2.1.12. Genome
1.2.1.12.1. The haploid set of chromosomes in a gamete or microorganism, or in each cell of a multicellular organism.
1.2.1.13. DNA Replication
1.2.1.13.1. The process of copying a DNA molecule to make another DNA molecule.
1.2.1.14. Helicase
1.2.1.14.1. A class of enzymes that unpack an organism's genetic material
1.2.1.15. Primase
1.2.1.15.1. An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of a short RNA segment called a primer, complementary to a ssDNA template.
1.2.1.16. DNA polymerase
1.2.1.16.1. An enzyme that works in groups to create two identical DNA duplexes from a single original DNA duplex
1.2.1.17. Semi-Conservative Replication
1.2.1.17.1. Semi-conservative replication produces two copies that each contained one of the original strands of DNA and one new strand.
1.2.1.18. Replication Fork
1.2.1.18.1. A Y shaped prong-like structure that is formed in a replication bubble.
1.2.1.19. Leading Strand
1.2.1.19.1. One new strand, which runs 5' to 3' towards the replication fork, made continuously, because the DNA polymerase is moving in the same direction as the replication fork.
1.2.1.20. Lagging Strand
1.2.1.20.1. A single DNA strand that, during DNA replication, is replicated in the 5′ – 3′ direction, the opposite direction to the replication fork.
1.2.1.21. Ligase
1.2.1.21.1. An enzyme which brings about ligation of DNA or another substance.
1.2.1.22. Mutations
1.2.1.22.1. A permanent change in the sequence of DNA.
1.2.1.23. Cancer
1.2.1.23.1. A disease caused by an uncontrolled division of abnormal cells in a part of the body.
1.2.1.24. RNA
1.2.1.24.1. A type of nucleic acid that carries the code for making proteins from the nuclus to the cytoplasm.
1.2.1.25. Uracil
1.2.1.25.1. A compound found in living tissue as a constituent base of RNA.
1.2.1.26. Gene
1.2.1.26.1. A distinct sequence of nucleotides forming part of a chromosome.
1.2.1.27. Transcription
1.2.1.27.1. The process of making mRNA from DNA.
1.2.1.28. mRNA
1.2.1.28.1. A genetic material that tells your body how to make proteins.
1.2.1.29. Ribosomes
1.2.1.29.1. A minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells that bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins.
1.2.1.30. Translation
1.2.1.30.1. The process of making a protein from RNA.
1.2.1.31. Amino Acids
1.2.1.31.1. Organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups.
1.2.1.32. Codons
1.2.1.32.1. A sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.
1.2.1.33. Anti-Codons
1.2.1.33.1. A trinucleotide sequence located at one end of a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule.
1.2.1.34. tRNA
1.2.1.34.1. An adaptor molecule composed of RNA that serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins.
1.2.1.35. Peptide Bonds
1.2.1.35.1. An amide type of covalent chemical bond linking two consecutive alpha-amino acids along a peptide or protein chain.
1.2.2. Lesson 2
1.2.2.1. Charles Darwin
1.2.2.1.1. An English naturalist who developed a theory of how organisms change over time.
1.2.2.2. Galapagos Islands
1.2.2.2.1. Islands that are located 1,000 km off the South American coast in the Pacific Ocean.
1.2.2.3. HMS Beagle
1.2.2.3.1. A survey ship of the British navy.
1.2.2.4. Darwins Finches
1.2.2.4.1. Different types of finches lived in different island environments.
1.2.2.5. Natural Selection
1.2.2.5.1. The process by which populations of organisms with variations that help them survive in their environments live longer, compete better, and reproduce more than those that do not have the variations.
1.2.2.6. Survival of the fittest
1.2.2.6.1. The continued existence of organisms which are best adapted to their environment, with the extinction of others, as a concept in the Darwinian theory of evolution.
1.2.2.7. Adaptations
1.2.2.7.1. An inherited trait that helps a species survive in its environment.
1.2.2.8. Fitness
1.2.2.8.1. An organism's ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment.
1.2.2.9. Genetic Variation
1.2.2.9.1. The difference in DNA among individuals or the differences between populations among the same species.
1.2.2.10. Common Ancestors
1.2.2.10.1. An ancestral group of organisms that is shared by multiple lineages.
1.2.2.11. Structural adaptation
1.2.2.11.1. An adaptation that involves color, shape, and other physical characteristics.
1.2.2.12. Behavioral adaptation
1.2.2.12.1. An adaptation tht involves the way an organism behaves or reacts.
1.2.2.13. Functional adaptation
1.2.2.13.1. An adaptation that involves internal body systems that affect biochemistry.
1.2.2.14. Camouflage
1.2.2.14.1. An adaptation that enables a species to blend in with its environment.
1.2.2.15. Mimicry
1.2.2.15.1. The resemblance of on species to another species.
1.2.2.16. Modern Theory of Evolution
1.2.2.16.1. The changes occurring in the allele frequencies within the populations.
1.2.3. Lesson 3
1.2.3.1. Artificial Selection
1.2.3.1.1. The process by which humans use animal breeding and plant breeding to selectively develop particular traits.
1.2.3.2. Selective Breeding
1.2.3.2.1. The selection and breeding of organisms with desired traits.
1.2.3.3. Genetic Engineering
1.2.3.3.1. The biological and chemical methods that chaange the arrangement of DNA that make up a gene.
1.2.3.4. Recombinant DNA
1.2.3.4.1. DNA molecules formed by laboratory methods of genetic recombination that bring together genetic material from multiple sources.
1.2.3.5. GMO's
1.2.3.5.1. Any organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.
1.2.3.6. Gene Therapy
1.2.3.6.1. The replacement of missing or malfunctioning genes by the addition of new genes to a patient's cells.
1.3. Module 3
1.3.1. Lesson 1
1.3.1.1. Fossilization
1.3.1.1.1. The process of an animal or plant becoming preserved in a hard, petrified form.
1.3.1.2. Mineralization
1.3.1.2.1. The decomposition of the chemical compounds in organic matter, by which the nutrients in those compounds are released in soluble inorganic forms that may be available to plants.
1.3.1.3. Carbonization
1.3.1.3.1. The conversion of organic matters like plants and dead animal remains into carbon through destructive distillation.
1.3.1.4. Molds and Casts
1.3.1.4.1. When an animal or plant was buried in mud or soft soil and decayed away, leaving behind an impression of their bodies, leaves, or flowers. Casts are formed when these impressions are filled with other types of sediment that form rocks, which take the place of the animal or plant.
1.3.1.5. Trace Fossils
1.3.1.5.1. A fossil of a footprint, trail, burrow, or other trace of an animal rather than of the animal itself.
1.3.1.6. Organic Matter
1.3.1.6.1. The large source of carbon-based compounds found within natural and engineered, terrestrial, and aquatic environments.
1.3.1.7. Relative Age Dating
1.3.1.7.1. The science of determining the relative order of past events, without necessarily determining their absolute age.
1.3.1.8. Absolute Age Dating
1.3.1.8.1. He process of determining an age on a specified chronology in archaeology and geology.
1.3.1.9. Geologic Time Scale
1.3.1.9.1. A representation of time based on the rock record of Earth. It is a system of chronological dating that uses chronostratigraphy and geochronology. It is used primarily by Earth scientists to describe the timing and relationships of events in geologic history.
1.3.1.10. Extinctions
1.3.1.10.1. The termination of a species by the death of its last member.
1.3.1.11. Transitional Fossil
1.3.1.11.1. Any fossilized remains of a life form that exhibits traits common to both an ancestral group and its derived descendant group.
1.3.1.12. Sudden Environmental Change
1.3.1.12.1. Large changes in some major component of the climate system, with rapid, widespread effects.
1.3.1.13. Gradual Environmental Change
1.3.1.13.1. Climate changing slowly over time.
1.3.2. Lesson 2
1.3.2.1. Homologous Structures
1.3.2.1.1. A similarity due to shared ancestry between a pair of structures or genes in different taxa.
1.3.2.2. Analogous Structures
1.3.2.2.1. Features of different species that are similar in function but not necessarily in structure and which do not derive from a common ancestral feature (compare to homologous structures) and which evolved in response to a similar environmental challenge.
1.3.2.3. Vestigial Structures
1.3.2.3.1. a feature that a species inherited from an ancestor but that is now less useful and functional than in the ancestor.
1.3.2.4. Embryology
1.3.2.4.1. The branch of biology and medicine concerned with the study of embryos and their development.
1.3.2.5. Molecular Biology
1.3.2.5.1. The branch of biology that deals with the structure and function of the macromolecules (e.g. proteins and nucleic acids) essential to life.
2. Unit 2
2.1. Module 1
2.1.1. Lesson 1
2.1.1.1. Reference Point
2.1.1.1.1. The starting point you choose to describe the location, or position, of an object.
2.1.1.2. Position
2.1.1.2.1. An object's distance and direction from a refrence point.
2.1.1.3. Displacement
2.1.1.3.1. The difference between the initial, or starting, position and the final position.
2.1.1.4. Speed
2.1.1.4.1. A measure of the distance an object travels in a given amount of time.
2.1.1.5. Average Speed
2.1.1.5.1. Your speed over an entire trip.
2.1.1.6. Velocity
2.1.1.6.1. The speed and direction of a moving object.
2.1.1.7. Vector
2.1.1.7.1. A quantity that has both magnitude and direction.
2.1.1.8. Distance Time Graphs
2.1.1.8.1. A distance-time graph shows how the distance and speed of an object changes with time.
2.1.2. Lesson 2
2.1.2.1. Acceleration
2.1.2.1.1. The rate of change of velocity per unit of time.
2.1.2.2. Forces
2.1.2.2.1. An influence that can cause an object to change its velocity.
2.1.2.3. Contact Forces
2.1.2.3.1. Any force that occurs as a result of two objects making contact with each other.
2.1.2.4. Newtons 2nd Law of motion
2.1.2.4.1. The acceleration of an object equals the net force on the object divided by the object's mass.
2.1.2.5. Friction
2.1.2.5.1. A force that resists the sliding motion of two surfaces that are touching.
2.1.2.6. Free Body Diagram
2.1.2.6.1. A simple model to understand systems of objects with any amount of applied forces.
2.1.2.7. Net Force
2.1.2.7.1. The sum of all the forces acting on an object.
2.1.2.8. Newtons 1st Law of motion
2.1.2.8.1. An object in motion will stay in motion, and an object at rest will stay at rest unless acted on by a force.
2.1.3. Lesson 3
2.1.3.1. Newtons 3rd law of motion
2.1.3.1.1. Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.
2.1.3.2. Force Pairs
2.1.3.2.1. The forces two objects apply to each other.
2.1.3.3. Normal Forces
2.1.3.3.1. The force that pushes perpendicular to the object's surface.
2.1.3.4. Collision Forces
2.1.3.4.1. When one object collides with another object, so a forcce is applied to the second object.
2.1.3.5. Elastic Collision
2.1.3.5.1. When colliding objects bounce off each other.
2.1.3.6. Inelastic Collision
2.1.3.6.1. A collision in which kinetic energy is not conserved due to the action of internal friction.
2.1.4. Lesson 4
2.1.4.1. Noncontact Force
2.1.4.1.1. A force that one object can apply to another object without touching it.
2.1.4.2. Gravitational Force
2.1.4.2.1. An attractive force that exists between all objects that have mass.
2.1.4.3. Gravitational Field
2.1.4.3.1. The region of space surrounding a body in which another body experiences a force of gravitational attraction.
2.1.4.4. Gravitational Force and Mass
2.1.4.4.1. When the mass of one or both objects increases, the gravitational force between them also increases.
2.1.4.5. Gravitational Force and Distance
2.1.4.5.1. As the distance between objects increases, the attraction between objects decreases.
2.1.4.6. Gravity in our solar system
2.1.4.6.1. All bodies gravitate towards Earth. Planets would move in a straight line without the Sun's gravitational
2.1.4.7. Gravitational Acceleration
2.1.4.7.1. The acceleration of an object in free fall within a vacuum.
2.1.4.8. Weight
2.1.4.8.1. The gravitational force extended on an object.
2.1.4.9. General Relativity
2.1.4.9.1. The observed gravitational effect between masses results from their warping of spacetime.
2.2. Module 2
2.2.1. Lesson 1
2.2.1.1. Kinetic energy
2.2.1.1.1. The energy due to motion.
2.2.1.2. Kinetic energy and mass
2.2.1.2.1. A moving object's kinetic energy depends on mass.
2.2.1.3. Kinetic energy and speed
2.2.1.3.1. The faster the object moves the more kinetic energy it has.
2.2.2. Lesson 2
2.2.2.1. Potential Energy
2.2.2.1.1. The energy due to interactions between objects or particles when distance changes.
2.2.2.2. Elastic Potential Energy
2.2.2.2.1. Energy stored in objects that are compresed or stretched, such as springs and rubbeer bands.
2.2.2.3. Gravitational Potential Energy
2.2.2.3.1. Stored energy due to the interactions of objects in a gravitational field.
2.2.3. Lesson 3
2.2.3.1. Mechanical Energy
2.2.3.1.1. The sum of the potential energy and the kinetic energy in a system.
2.2.3.2. Conservation of energy
2.2.3.2.1. Even though energy is always transferring, energy is not created and energy is not destroyed.
2.2.3.3. Work
2.2.3.3.1. The transfer of energy to an object by a force that makes an object move in the direction of the force.
2.2.3.4. Thermal Energy Transformation
2.2.3.4.1. When mechanical energy tranfers into the air as thermal energy.
2.3. Module 3
2.3.1. Lesson 1
2.3.1.1. Magnet
2.3.1.1.1. An object that attracts iron and other materials that have magnetic qualities similar to iron.
2.3.1.2. Ferromagnetic Elements
2.3.1.2.1. Materials which exhibit a spontaneous net magnetisation at the atomic level, even in the absence of an external magnetic field.
2.3.1.3. Magnetic Force
2.3.1.3.1. A force of attraction or repulsion created by a magnet.
2.3.1.4. Magnetic Poles
2.3.1.4.1. A place where the force a magnet applies is strongest.
2.3.1.5. Magnetic Fields
2.3.1.5.1. Applies forces to other magnets or other magnetic material even when they are not in contact.
2.3.1.6. Compasses
2.3.1.6.1. An instrument containing a magnetized pointer which shows the direction of magnetic north and bearings from it.
2.3.1.7. Magnetic Strength
2.3.1.7.1. The stronger the magnetic field the stronger the magnet.
2.3.1.8. Magnetic Potential Energy
2.3.1.8.1. Stored energy due to the interactions of magnetic poles in a magnetic field.
2.3.1.9. Magnetic Domain
2.3.1.9.1. A region in a magnetic material in which the magnetic fields of the atoms all point in the same direction.
2.3.1.10. Nonmagnetic Materials
2.3.1.10.1. The random magnetic fields cancel out the magnetic effects of each other.
2.3.1.11. Magnetic Materials
2.3.1.11.1. The magnetic fields of these domains cancel out each other, so the magnetic material is not a magnet
2.3.1.12. Temporary Magnet
2.3.1.12.1. Magnetic materials that become magnets when near a strong magnetic field.
2.3.1.13. Permanent Magnets
2.3.1.13.1. The magnetic domains remain lined up even when the magnetic field is removed.
2.3.2. Lesson 2
2.3.2.1. Charges
2.3.2.1.1. The physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when placed in an electromagnetic field.
2.3.2.2. Electric Fields
2.3.2.2.1. The invisible region around any charged object where an electric force is applied.
2.3.2.3. Electric Field Strength
2.3.2.3.1. A quantitative expression of the intensity of an electric field at a particular location.
2.3.2.4. Electric Potential Energy
2.3.2.4.1. The stored energy due to the interactions of charges in an electric field.
2.3.2.5. Electrically charged objects
2.3.2.5.1. An object that has an unbalanced amount of positive charge or negetive charge.
2.3.2.6. Electrically Neutral
2.3.2.6.1. An object with equal amounts of positive charge and negetive charge.
2.3.2.7. Induction
2.3.2.7.1. The method of charging an object without touching it.
2.3.2.8. Electric Insulator
2.3.2.8.1. A material which charges cannot easily move.
2.3.2.9. Electric Conductor
2.3.2.9.1. A material in which charged particles can easily move.
2.3.2.10. Conduction
2.3.2.10.1. A way charged particles transfer between two conductors.
2.3.2.11. Conservation of Charge
2.3.2.11.1. Thee total charge in a closed system does not change.
2.3.3. Lesson 3
2.3.3.1. Simple Circuit
2.3.3.1.1. Contains a source of electric energy, an electric device, and an electric conductor.
2.3.3.2. Closed Circuit
2.3.3.2.1. When a circuit is complete and electric energy flows through the circuit.
2.3.3.3. Open Circuit
2.3.3.3.1. A circuit that is not complete and no electric energy flows through the circuit.
2.3.3.4. Charged Particles
2.3.3.4.1. Particles repell like charges.
2.3.3.5. Electric Current
2.3.3.5.1. The movement of electrically charged particles.
2.3.3.6. Voltage
2.3.3.6.1. The electrical potential energy difference per charge between two places in a circuit.
2.3.3.7. Energy
2.3.3.7.1. In a circuit, electric energy is transferred to electrical devices.
2.3.4. Lesson 4
2.3.4.1. Electromagnetism
2.3.4.1.1. A temporary magnet made with a current-carrying wire coil wrapped around a magnetic core.
2.3.4.2. Electric Current
2.3.4.2.1. A flow of charged particles.
2.3.4.3. Magnetic Fields
2.3.4.3.1. A region around a magnetic material or a moving electric charge within which the force of magnetism acts.
2.3.4.4. Increasing Magnetic Field Strength
2.3.4.4.1. Magnetic fields around current-carrying wires are stronger closer to the wire.
2.3.4.5. Controlling electromagnets
2.3.4.5.1. 1) The magnetic field can be turned on and off. 2) The strength can be controlled by the number of loops in the coil and the amount of electric current in the coil. 3) The North and South poles reverse if the current reverses.
2.3.4.6. Electric Motor
2.3.4.6.1. A device that uses an electric current to produce motion.
2.3.4.7. Generating Electric Current
2.3.4.7.1. When a magnet is moved through a wire coil that is part of a closed electric circuit.
2.3.4.8. Electric Generator
2.3.4.8.1. A device that uses a magnetic field to transfer mechanical energy to electric energy.
2.3.4.9. Mechanical to electric energy
2.3.4.9.1. As you turn a hand generator it gains mechanical energy. When the wire coils rotate through a magnetic field an electric current is produced.
2.3.4.10. Direct Current
2.3.4.10.1. An electric current that flows in one direction.
2.3.4.11. Alternating Current
2.3.4.11.1. An electric current that changed direction in a regular pattern.
3. Unit 3
3.1. Module 1
3.1.1. Lesson 1
3.1.1.1. Wave
3.1.1.1.1. A disturbance that travels from the place it was created.
3.1.1.2. Vibration
3.1.1.2.1. An oscillation of the parts of a fluid or an elastic solid whose equilibrium has been disturbed, or of an electromagnetic wave.
3.1.1.3. Transverse Wave
3.1.1.3.1. A Wave vibrating at right angles to the direction of its propagation.
3.1.1.4. Mechanical Wave
3.1.1.4.1. A Wave that transfers energy through a material medium.
3.1.1.5. Water Waves
3.1.1.5.1. A disturbance in the form of a ridge or swell on the surface of a body of water that travels in a forward motion.
3.1.1.6. Mediums
3.1.1.6.1. A substance that makes possible the transfer of energy from one location to another, especially through waves.
3.1.1.7. Longitudinal Waves
3.1.1.7.1. A wave vibrating in the direction of propagation.
3.1.1.8. Wavelength
3.1.1.8.1. The distance between successive crests of a wave, especially points in a sound wave or electromagnetic wave.
3.1.1.9. Sound Waves
3.1.1.9.1. The pattern of disturbance caused by the movement of energy traveling through a medium as it propagates away from the source of the sound.
3.1.1.10. Amplitude
3.1.1.10.1. A measurement of energy transferred by a wave.
3.1.1.11. Intensity
3.1.1.11.1. The magnitude of a quantity per unit area.
3.1.1.12. Decibel
3.1.1.12.1. The unit of sound.
3.1.1.13. Frequency
3.1.1.13.1. The measurement of the number of times that a repeated event occurs per unit of time.
3.1.1.14. Pitch
3.1.1.14.1. A measure of how high or low something sounds and is related to the speed of the vibrations that produce the sound.
3.1.2. Lesson 2
3.1.2.1. Reflection
3.1.2.1.1. When light traveling through one material bounces off a different material.
3.1.2.2. Absorption
3.1.2.2.1. The transfer of energy from a wave to a medium.
3.1.2.3. Transmission
3.1.2.3.1. When a wave travels through a medium.
3.1.2.4. Diffraction
3.1.2.4.1. The spreading of waves around obstacles.
3.2. Module 2
3.2.1. Lesson 1
3.2.1.1. Light
3.2.1.1.1. Electromagnetic radiation that you can see.
3.2.1.2. Radiant Energy
3.2.1.2.1. The energy carried by an electromagnetic wave.
3.2.1.3. Light energy
3.2.1.3.1. A kind of kinetic energy with the ability to make types of light visible to human eyes.
3.2.1.4. Light brightness
3.2.1.4.1. An attribute of visual perception in which a source appears to be radiating or reflecting light.
3.2.1.5. Speed of light
3.2.1.5.1. The speed at which light waves propagate through different materials.
3.2.1.6. Light sources
3.2.1.6.1. Devices whose primary function is to produce visible or near-visible radiant energy for general illumination and specialty applications
3.2.1.7. Transparent
3.2.1.7.1. A material that allows almost all of the light striking it to pass through, and through which objects can be seen clearly.
3.2.1.8. Translucent
3.2.1.8.1. A material that allows most of the light that strikes it to pass through, but through which objects appear blurry.
3.2.1.9. Opaque
3.2.1.9.1. A material through which light does not pass.
3.2.1.10. Reflection
3.2.1.10.1. The bouncing of a wave off a surface.
3.2.2. Lesson 2
3.2.2.1. Law of Reflection
3.2.2.1.1. When a wave is reflected from a surface, the angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence.
3.2.2.2. Virtual image
3.2.2.2.1. An image of an object that your brain perceives to be in a place where the object is not.
3.2.2.3. Concave mirrors
3.2.2.3.1. A mirror that curves inward.
3.2.2.4. Focal Point
3.2.2.4.1. The point where light rays parallel to the optical axis converge after being reflected by a concave mirror.
3.2.2.5. Convex Mirror
3.2.2.5.1. A mirror that curves outward.
3.2.2.6. Real image
3.2.2.6.1. An image that forms where rays converge.
3.2.2.7. Regular Reflection
3.2.2.7.1. Reflection of light from a smooth, shiny surface.
3.2.2.8. Diffuse Reflection
3.2.2.8.1. Reflection of light from a rough surface.
3.2.2.9. Scattering
3.2.2.9.1. When light waves travelling in one direction are made to travel in many directions.
4. Unit 4
4.1. Module 1
4.1.1. Population
4.1.1.1. All the inhabitants of a particular town, area, or country.
4.1.2. Natural Resources
4.1.2.1. Materials or substances such as minerals, forests, water, and fertile land that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain.
4.1.3. Carrying Capacity
4.1.3.1. The number of organisms that an ecosystem can sustainably support.
4.2. Module 2
4.2.1. The Moon
4.2.1.1. The natural satellite of the earth, visible (chiefly at night) by reflected light from the sun.
4.2.2. Lunar Phase
4.2.2.1. A lunar phase or Moon phase is the apparent shape of the Moon's directly sunlit portion as viewed from the Earth.
4.2.3. Waxing Phases
4.2.3.1. The phase in which the Moon's visible surface area is getting bigger.
4.2.4. Waning Phases
4.2.4.1. The phase in which the Moon's visible surface area is getting smaller.