1. Bristish
1.1. THE DEVELOPMENT
1.1.1. Celtic Era: simple society
1.1.1.1. No king or queen Administrative division: villages
1.1.2. Angle – Saxon: Kingship was established
1.1.2.1. King and Queen Aristocracy: Duke, Marquis, Earl, Viscount, Baron
1.1.3. Norman Invasion:
1.1.3.1. King (Norman) Norman noble men Saxon noble men
1.1.3.2. Strong system of Feudalism
1.1.3.2.1. system of land ownership and duties. The king would give some of the land (manors) to the lords or nobles who fought for him.
1.1.4. the Magna Carta was signed by King John
1.1.4.1. Limited the power of the King Raised the power of the barons and church Parliament was established
1.1.4.2. The system of feudalism was weakened
1.1.5. Tudor Dynasty
1.1.5.1. Parliament was not yet strong enough to challenge royal absolutism
1.1.6. Stuart dynasty:
1.1.6.1. Parliament set up its supremacy in Britain
1.1.6.2. The Civil war (1642) King Charles I was executed (1649)
1.1.7. the monarchy and the Anglican religion were restored
1.1.7.1. Glorious Revolution – 1688 the Bloodless Revolution
1.1.8. the Bill of Rights 1689:
1.1.8.1. the monarch didn’t hold absolute power.
1.1.9. The House of Hannover:
1.1.9.1. Constitutional monarchy
1.1.10. . Public attitude to politics and the style of democracy
1.2. political theory
1.2.1. The legislature
1.2.1.1. The Royal – Queen Elizabeth II- ceremonial The personal embodiment of the government of the country.
1.2.1.2. Parliament
1.2.1.2.1. the Houses of Parliament in London’s Westminster. pass laws; to provide, by voting for taxation , to scrutinize government policy and administration
1.2.1.2.2. Scotland has its own parliament in Edinburgh
1.2.1.2.3. Wales : an elected Assembly in Cardiff
1.2.1.2.4. Both Scotland and Wales remain part of the United Kingdom and have continued representation in the Parliament at Westminster in London
1.2.2. The executive
1.2.2.1. Government
1.2.2.1.1. Runs the country Develop and implement policy Draft laws.
1.2.2.2. The civil service
1.2.2.2.1. It’s a career. Are unknown to the larger public Governments come and go, but the civil service remains
1.2.2.3. Local government
1.2.2.3.1. councils
1.2.2.3.2. Election
1.2.2.4. The political parties
1.2.2.4.1. four major political parties :
1.2.3. The judiciary
1.2.3.1. three legal systems
1.2.3.1.1. England and Wales
1.2.3.1.2. Nor-`thern Ireland
1.2.3.1.3. Scotland.
1.2.3.2. The Supreme Court
1.2.3.2.1. allowed to sit in the House of Lords, members for life
1.2.3.2.2. headed by the Prime Minister and Deputy President of the Supreme Court
1.2.3.2.3. Justices of the Supreme Court: 12
1.3. Public attitude to politics and the style of democracy
1.3.1. Politicians in Britain do not have good reputation.
1.3.2. Lack of trustworthiness
1.3.3. A necessary devil
1.3.4. Never Believe Anything Until It’s Been Officially Denied
1.3.5. Respect laws but not be enthusiastic about making new laws
1.3.6. UK is democratic but making new laws is not decided by people
1.3.7. British democracy: choosing the one who control the country and let them get on with each
2. American
2.1. Basic documents.
2.1.1. The Declaration of Independence 1776
2.1.2. the Constitution of 1789
2.1.2.1. the supreme law of the United States.
2.1.2.2. the heart of the US Constitution is the principle known as 'separation of powers‘ 'checks and balances‘
2.1.2.3. three branches
2.1.2.4. separation of powers
2.1.2.5. terms of office
2.1.2.5.1. The President : 4 years
2.1.2.5.2. Members of the Senate 6
2.1.2.5.3. Members of the House of Representatives 2
2.1.2.5.4. Members of the Supreme Cour : for life
2.1.2.6. Benefit
2.1.2.6.1. power is spread and counter-balanced much more democratic
2.1.2.7. weakness
2.1.2.7.1. makes government slow, complicated and legalistic
2.2. three branches
2.2.1. THE PRESIDENCY
2.2.2. The congress
2.2.2.1. the bicameral legislature, two camber
2.2.2.1.1. THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
2.2.2.1.2. THE SENATE
2.2.3. THE SUPREME COURT
2.2.3.1. The President is not elected directly by the voters but by an Electoral College representing each state
2.2.3.2. of nine Justices: the Chief Justice of the United States and eight Associate Justices
2.3. POLITICAL PARTIES & ELECTIONS
2.3.1. the Democratic Party
2.3.1.1. represented as a donkey,
2.3.2. the Republican Party
2.3.2.1. elephant
2.4. THE FEDERAL SYSTEM
2.4.1. Each state has an executive, a legislature and a judiciary.
2.4.1.1. The head of the executive is the Governor who is directly elected.
2.4.2. The 50 states are divided into counties
2.4.2.1. Each county has its court.
2.4.2.2. To ensures that effectively only two parties can play
2.5. Public attitude
2.5.1. They think about politics as a separable aspect of life, one they can can choose to ignore
3. Education
3.1. British
3.1.1. History
3.1.1.1. 12th – 14th century
3.1.1.1.1. monasteries and churches
3.1.1.1.2. chantry schools for boys from poor families song schools attached to cathedrals almonry schools attached to monasteries
3.1.1.1.3. preparatory and grammar fee-paying schools for sons of merchants
3.1.1.1.4. home education: for sons of noblemen
3.1.1.2. 15th -16th centuries (Tudor monarchy)
3.1.1.2.1. public schools:
3.1.1.2.2. infant or 'petty' schools
3.1.1.2.3. Grammar and public schools
3.1.1.2.4. Parish schools
3.1.1.2.5. home education: still existed
3.1.1.2.6. Education for girls arose:
3.1.1.3. The 17th century (the Stuart)
3.1.1.3.1. Parish schools for poor children
3.1.1.3.2. charity schools
3.1.1.3.3. grammar public schools- for the boys from the wealthy families
3.1.1.3.4. Charterhouse school
3.1.1.3.5. schools for girls
3.1.1.4. The 19th century
3.1.1.4.1. growth of public schools
3.1.1.4.2. National Schools
3.1.1.4.3. The Free Education Act in 1891: elementary education became free.
3.1.1.5. The 20th century
3.1.1.5.1. give public money to secondary school for scholarship
3.1.1.5.2. Butler's Act : free compulsory secondary education
3.1.1.5.3. 7 foundational ones: TECHNOLOGY, HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY, MUSIC, ART, PHYSICAL EDUCATION and a FOREIGN LANGUAGE
3.1.1.5.4. centre around matters:
3.1.2. Style
3.1.2.1. helps to develop the ‘complete’ person
3.1.2.2. British young people do not have to work so hard * Primary schoolchildren do not normally have formal homework to do * University students have fewer hours of programmed attendance than students in mainland Europe do
3.1.2.3. Education beyond sixteen
3.1.2.3.1. 1/3 look for a job (combined with part-time college courses)
3.1.2.3.2. 2/3 remain in full-time education
3.1.2.4. School uniforms
3.1.2.5. Work in group
3.2. American
3.2.1. History
3.2.1.1. After the American Revolution
3.2.1.1.1. Government-supported and free public schools
3.2.1.1.2. parochial schools and
3.2.2. High education:
3.2.2.1. = good job and high salary =better citizens, better parents
3.2.3. 100 percent literate
3.2.4. Local Control
3.2.5. Parental Involvemen
3.2.6. Analysis and Synthesis
3.2.6.1. productive activity,
3.2.7. Well-Rounded People
3.2.8. Teachers do not enjoy a particularly high status in the society.
3.2.9. The third social factor influencing education is politics.
3.2.10. Plagiarism
3.2.11. Work individually