1. Airway, pulmonary and hearing disorders
1.1. incidence
1.1.1. pulomary hypertension, infections: 1.2 to 5.2%
1.1.2. deaths due to infections: 34 to 40% - respiratory disorders are a common cause of illness and death in affected children and adults
1.1.3. hearing deficiets: - conductive: 84% - sensory: 2.7% - mixed: 7.8%
1.2. Disorders
1.2.1. micrognathia
1.2.2. relative macroglossia
1.2.3. trachial stenosis (caused by compete trachial rings)
1.2.4. hypotonia
1.2.5. obstructive airway disease
1.2.6. hearing impairment
1.3. Management
1.3.1. social integration and habilitation
1.3.1.1. - building intellectual abilities of a child with DS - assess the level of independence of that child
1.3.1.2. optimize speech and communication
1.3.2. accurate assessment and treatment of hearing impairment
1.3.3. otolaryngologic and audiologic intervetions
2. Cardiac Complications
2.1. Incidence
2.1.1. Pulmonary artery hypertension with or without congenital heart disease occurs in 1.2 to 5.2% of persons with DS
2.1.2. improved management of congenital heart disease has cotributed to an increase in life expectancy from 30 years in 1973 to 60 years by 2002
2.1.3. infants initially unaffected may become symptoamtic in childhood or later
2.2. complications
2.2.1. pulmonary artery hypertension
2.2.2. heart defects
2.2.3. heart failure
2.2.4. irreversible pulmonary vascular disease
2.3. management
2.3.1. surveillance for pulmonary artery hypertension throughout childhood