PHARMA

1. NERVOUS SYSTEM

1.1. Morphine (Opioid analgesic) - Action: Binds to opioid receptors, reducing pain perception. - Side effects: Constipation, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness. - Adverse effects: Respiratory depression, addiction.

1.2. Diazepam (Benzodiazepine) - Action: Enhances GABA activity, producing sedation and anxiolysis. - Side effects: Drowsiness, confusion, dependence. - Adverse effects: Withdrawal symptoms, increased risk of falls.

1.3. Phenytoin (Anticonvulsant) - Action: Stabilizes neuronal membranes, reducing seizure activity. - Side effects: Dizziness, ataxia, gum hypertrophy. - Adverse effects: Stevens-Johnson syndrome, blood dyscrasias.

1.4. Fluoxetine (SSRI antidepressant) - Action: Increases serotonin levels, improving mood. - Side effects: Nausea, insomnia, sexual dysfunction. - Adverse effects: Serotonin syndrome, increased risk of suicidal thoughts.

1.5. Rivastigmine (Cholinesterase inhibitor) - Action: Increases acetylcholine levels, improving cognitive function. - Side effects: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. - Adverse effects: Bradycardia, syncope.

2. CARDIO

2.1. Lisinopril (ACE Inhibitor) • Mechanism of Action: Inhibits angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), leading to decreased production of angiotensin II, a vasoconstrictor, thereby lowering blood pressure. • Side Effects: Cough, dizziness, headache, fatigue, hyperkalemia. • Adverse Effects: Angioedema, renal dysfunction, hypotension.

2.2. Metoprolol (Beta-blocker) • Mechanism of Action: Selectively blocks beta-1 adrenergic receptors, reducing heart rate, myocardial contractility, and blood pressure. • Side Effects: Fatigue, dizziness, bradycardia, hypotension, shortness of breath. • Adverse Effects: Heart failure, severe bradycardia, bronchospasm.

2.3. Amlodipine (Calcium Channel Blocker) • Mechanism of Action: Inhibits calcium ion influx into vascular smooth muscle and cardiac muscle, resulting in vasodilation and decreased myocardial oxygen demand. • Side Effects: Peripheral edema, dizziness, headache, fatigue, flushing.

2.4. Furosemide (Loop Diuretic) • Mechanism of Action: Inhibits the reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the loop of Henle, leading to increased urine production and reduced fluid retention. • Side Effects: Hypokalemia, dizziness, dehydration, hypotension. • Adverse Effects: Ototoxicity (especially with rapid IV administration), electrolyte imbalances (low potassium, calcium).

2.5. Warfarin (Anticoagulant) • Mechanism of Action: Inhibits vitamin K-dependent clotting factors (II, VII, IX, X), preventing blood clot formation. • Side Effects: Bleeding, bruising, nausea, vomiting. • Adverse Effects: Hemorrhage, purple toe syndrome, skin necrosis.

3. RESPI

3.1. Theophylline (Methylxanthine) • Mechanism of Action: Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle and increases diaphragmatic contractility by inhibiting phosphodiesterase and increasing cyclic AMP. • Side Effects: Nausea, vomiting, insomnia, tremors. • Adverse Effects: Tachycardia, seizures, arrhythmias.

3.2. . Albuterol (Beta-2 Agonist) • Mechanism of Action: Stimulates beta-2 receptors in the lungs, causing bronchodilation and relief of bronchospasm. • Side Effects: Tachycardia, tremors, nervousness, headache. • Adverse Effects: Palpitations, arrhythmias, paradoxical bronchospasm (rare).

3.3. . Ipratropium (Anticholinergic) • Mechanism of Action: Blocks acetylcholine receptors in the airways, causing bronchodilation and reducing mucus production. • Side Effects: Dry mouth, cough, blurred vision, dizziness. • Adverse Effects: Urinary retention, glaucoma (if exposed to eyes).

3.4. Fluticasone (Inhaled Corticosteroid) • Mechanism of Action: Reduces inflammation in the airways by inhibiting multiple inflammatory mediators (cytokines, prostaglandins). • Side Effects: Oral thrush, hoarseness, sore throat, cough. • Adverse Effects: Adrenal suppression, osteoporosis with long-term use.

3.5. Montelukast (Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist) • Mechanism of Action: Blocks leukotriene receptors in the airways, reducing inflammation and bronchoconstriction. • Side Effects: Headache, dizziness, stomach pain. • Adverse Effects: Mood changes, suicidal thoughts (rare).

4. ENDO

4.1. Levothyroxine (Thyroid Hormone Replacement) • Mechanism of Action: Synthetic form of thyroxine (T4), which increases metabolic rate and growth by stimulating the thyroid hormone receptors. • Side Effects: Weight loss, insomnia, tremors, increased appetite. • Adverse Effects: Tachycardia, arrhythmias, osteoporosis (with prolonged use).

4.2. Metformin (Biguanide) • Mechanism of Action: Decreases hepatic glucose production and increases insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues. • Side Effects: Nausea, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, metallic taste. • Adverse Effects: Lactic acidosis (rare but serious), vitamin B12 deficiency.

4.3. Insulin (Short-acting, Long-acting) • Mechanism of Action: Facilitates glucose uptake into cells, lowering blood sugar levels. • Side Effects: Hypoglycemia, weight gain, injection site reactions. • Adverse Effects: Severe hypoglycemia, allergic reactions, lipodystrophy at injection sites.

4.4. Prednisone (Corticosteroid) • Mechanism of Action: Suppresses inflammation and immune response by inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators. • Side Effects: Weight gain, increased appetite, mood swings. • Adverse Effects: Osteoporosis, hyperglycemia, adrenal suppression with long-term use.

4.5. Spironolactone (Aldosterone Antagonist) • Mechanism of Action: Blocks aldosterone receptors, reducing sodium and water retention. • Side Effects: Hyperkalemia, gynecomastia, dizziness, headache. • Adverse Effects: Severe hyperkalemia, renal failure, endocrine disturbances.

5. REPRO

5.1. Metformin (for PCOS) • Mechanism of Action: Improves insulin sensitivity and decreases circulating insulin levels, which can help with ovulation in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). • Side Effects: Gastrointestinal upset (nausea, diarrhea), metallic taste. • Adverse Effects: Lactic acidosis (rare), vitamin B12 deficiency.

5.2. Letrozole (Femara) • Mechanism of Action: Aromatase inhibitor that decreases estrogen production, stimulating the release of FSH and promoting ovulation in women with infertility, especially in those with PCOS. • Side Effects: Hot flashes, joint pain, fatigue, headache. • Adverse Effects: Risk of birth defects if used in early pregnancy, ovarian cysts.

5.3. Progestins (Medroxyprogesterone, Provera) • Mechanism of Action: Synthetic progesterone used for various indications, including endometrial protection in hormone replacement therapy, treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding, and prevention of pregnancy. • Side Effects: Headache, bloating, breast tenderness, fatigue. • Adverse Effects: Thromboembolic events (DVT, stroke), mood swings, weight gain.

5.4. Tamsulosin (Flomax) • Mechanism of Action: Alpha-1 blocker that relaxes smooth muscle in the prostate and bladder neck, improving urine flow and relieving symptoms of BPH. • Side Effects: Dizziness, headache, hypotension, retrograde ejaculation. • Adverse Effects: Orthostatic hypotension, syncope, priapism (rare).

5.5. Sildenafil (Viagra) • Mechanism of Action: Inhibits phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), increasing levels of cyclic GMP and leading to smooth muscle relaxation and increased blood flow to the penis. • Side Effects: Headache, flushing, indigestion, nasal congestion. • Adverse Effects: Priapism, sudden vision loss, hearing loss.

6. GI

6.1. Omeprazole (Proton Pump Inhibitor) • Mechanism of Action: Inhibits the proton pump in the stomach lining, reducing gastric acid secretion. • Side Effects: Headache, nausea, diarrhea, constipation. • Adverse Effects: Long-term use can lead to vitamin B12 deficiency, osteoporosis, Clostridium difficile infection.

6.2. Ranitidine (H2 Receptor Antagonist) • Mechanism of Action: Inhibits histamine-2 receptors in the stomach, decreasing gastric acid secretion. • Side Effects: Drowsiness, dizziness, constipation, headache. • Adverse Effects: Confusion (in elderly), arrhythmias (with high doses), gynecomastia.

6.3. Loperamide (Anti-diarrheal) • Mechanism of Action: Reduces motility of the intestines, allowing for greater fluid absorption. • Side Effects: Constipation, abdominal discomfort, dizziness. • Adverse Effects: Risk of toxic megacolon in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

6.4. Docusate Sodium (Stool Softener) • Mechanism of Action: Increases water content and softness of stool by reducing surface tension, making stool easier to pass. • Side Effects: Mild cramping, diarrhea, throat irritation (if liquid form is used). • Adverse Effects: Prolonged use can cause dependence or electrolyte imbalances.

6.5. Mesalamine (5-ASA Compound) • Mechanism of Action: Reduces inflammation in the colon by inhibiting the production of inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins. • Side Effects: Headache, nausea, diarrhea. • Adverse Effects: Blood dyscrasias (e.g., anemia, leukopenia), renal dysfunction.