1. Adrenal (suprarenal) glands
1.1. On top of kidneys
1.1.1. Cortex (outside)
1.1.1.1. Under control of hormones from the pituitary gland
1.1.1.2. Salt levels, blood glucose, sex hormones
1.1.2. Medulla (inner)
1.2. Hyperadrenalism
1.2.1. Excess glucorticoids
1.2.1.1. Cushing's syndrome
1.2.1.1.1. Increased blood sugar
1.2.1.1.2. Obesity on trunk of body and face
1.2.2. Excess sex hormones
1.2.2.1. Adrenogenital syndrome
1.2.2.1.1. Sexual precociousness (pre-mature development of sexual characteristics in children
1.2.2.1.2. Females can develop male secondary sex characteristics
1.3. Hypoadrenalism
1.3.1. Addison's disease
1.3.1.1. Hormones controlling water and salt levels
1.3.1.2. Digestive disturbances
1.3.1.3. Bronze discoloration
1.3.1.4. Result from diseases that destroy the adrenal gland (TB, tumors, hemorrhage)
1.4. Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
1.4.1. Blood infection caused by meningococcus
1.4.1.1. Fulminating
1.4.1.2. Adrenal hemorrhage, circulatory failure, death within hours
2. Pancreas
2.1. Exocrine: makes pancreatic juice that breaks down fats
2.2. Endocrine: makes insulin (lower) and glucagon (raise) which control amount of glucose in blood
2.2.1. Islets of Langerhans
2.3. Diabetes mellitus
2.3.1. Pancreas can't secrete insulin, sugar builds up in blood
2.3.1.1. Hyperglycemia
2.3.1.1.1. Glycosuria
2.3.2. Polyuria
2.3.3. When cells are deprived of glucose, they breakdown the fats
2.3.3.1. Buildup of fatty acids
2.3.3.1.1. Acidosis
2.3.3.1.2. Atherosclerosis
2.3.4. Forms
2.3.4.1. Juvenile-onset
2.3.4.1.1. Most serious
2.3.4.1.2. Insulin treatment
2.3.4.2. Adult onset
2.3.4.2.1. Not as serious
2.3.4.2.2. May not require insuline treatment
3. Embalming considerations
3.1. Interference with normal circulation
3.1.1. Diabetes mellitus
3.1.2. Pressure and rate of flow
3.1.3. Swelling and hemorrhage
3.1.4. Hypodermic injection and surface packs
3.2. Edema
3.2.1. Hypothyroidism
3.2.2. Secondary dilution
3.3. Discolorations
3.3.1. Addison's disease
3.3.2. Lower extremities injected first
3.4. Deformities
3.4.1. Written permission
4. Anatomy
4.1. Endocrine
4.1.1. Glands that release chemical secretions (hormones) directly into blood
4.1.2. Ductless glands
4.2. Exocrine
4.2.1. Ducts to deliver secretions to specific body area
4.3. Heterocrine
4.3.1. Pancreas and sexual glands
5. Pituitary gland (master gland)
5.1. Sella turcica of sphenoid bone
5.2. Anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
5.2.1. Somatropin (growth hormone)
5.2.1.1. Hypersecretion in children
5.2.1.1.1. Giantism
5.2.1.2. Hyposecretion in children
5.2.1.2.1. Dwarfism
5.2.1.3. Hypersecretion in adults
5.2.1.3.1. Acromegaly
5.3. Hypopituitarism (loss of pituitary function)
5.3.1. Simmond's disease
5.3.1.1. Emaciation, mental dullness, ill health, premature aging, loss of body hair, slow metabolism, loss of sexual function
5.4. Posterior pituitary
5.4.1. Disabetes insipidus
5.4.1.1. Failure to produce anti-diuretic hormone
5.4.1.2. Serious dehydration
6. Thyroid gland
6.1. Anterior to trachea, inferior to larynx
6.2. Thyroxin (body metabolism)
6.2.1. Hyperthyroidism (excess)
6.2.1.1. Grave's disease (exophthalmic goiter)
6.2.1.1.1. Bulging eyes because of edema
6.2.2. Hypothyroidism (failure to produce)
6.2.2.1. Congenital/early years
6.2.2.1.1. Cretinism
6.2.2.2. Adults
6.2.2.2.1. Myxedema
6.3. Goiter
6.3.1. Increase in size of thyroid gland
6.3.2. Compensatory hypertrophy when diet lacks iodine, which is used to form thyroxin
7. Parathyroid gland
7.1. Parathormone (regulates blood calcium levels)
7.1.1. Hyperparathyroidism (increased calcium)
7.1.1.1. Softening and deformation of bones
7.1.1.2. Kidney stones
7.1.1.3. Hardening of arteries
7.1.1.4. Irregular heartbeat
7.1.2. Hypoparathryoidism (blood calcium levels fall)
7.1.2.1. Nerve cells become overreactive, muscles are excessively stimulated
7.1.2.1.1. Tetany (abnormal, sustained muscle contractions)