
1. Allomorph
1.1. An alternant of a morpheme; any form in which a (meaningful) morpheme is actually realized (also called morphemic variant). This label includes both phonologically conditioned alternants (plural /s/, /z/, and /iz/) and grammatical alternants (such as -ed/-en) for the past participle morpheme. We can also talk of a zero allomorph in sheep (plural), and various irregular allomorphs in mice, geese, and so on.
1.1.1. plural /s/, /z/, and /iz/, as in cats /kæts/, dogs /dogz/, and horses /ˈhɔːsɪz/
2. Morphemic structure
2.1. In a more phonological approach, the morpheme is the smallest meaninful part into which a word can be broken down. Thus, stems, roots, and affixes are seen as morphemes, some of them bound and some free. According to this definition -looked and -fallen each consist of a free morpheme and a bound morpheme (look +ed, fall + -en)
2.1.1. Un (Old English morpheme) + mistake (Old French) + able (Old French) = unmistakable
3. The types of the oppositional reduction
3.1. Neutralization
3.1.1. It happens when the weak member of the opposition is used in the meaning of the strong one: The rose is my favourite flower (Roses are my favourite flowers) - the singular, the weak member of the number category opposition, is used instead of the plural, the strong member.
3.2. Transposition
3.2.1. It happens when the strong member of oppositon is used in the meaning of the weak one. This type is oppositonal reduction is stylistically marked. Because of the combination of meanings and the additional stylistic colouring created, transposition can be treated as a grammatical mechanism of figurativeness, or a grammatical metaphor: the waters of the ocean, the sands of the desert - the plural, the strong member of the number category opposition, is used instead of the singular, the weak member to emphasize the immense (необъятное) amount of the substance.
4. Inflection
4.1. The phenomenon whereby the form of a word is changed according to its grammatical use (whether it is used as a plural form, past tense form, case form, etc.)
4.1.1. В английском языке inflection указывает на : - множественное число существительных(cat, cats); - падеж существительных (girl, girl's, girls'); - третье лицо, единственное число, настоящеее время (I,you, we, they buy; he buys);- прошедшее время (we walk; we walked); - аспект (I have called, I am calling); - сранительную степень (big, bigger, biggest)
5. Paradigm
5.1. An arrangement of the inflectional forms of a lexeme, according to one or more grammatical features (case, person, number, tense)
5.1.1. see, sees, seeing, saw, seen constitute a verbal paradigm for the lexeme "see"
6. Suppletion
6.1. The occurence of an unrelated form so as to supply a gap in a conjungation, declension, etc.
6.1.1. Obvious examples are went as the past tense of go, was and were as the past forms of be, and good/better/best