The Will To Improve

1. Introduction

1.1. Indonesia as a focal point of improvement

1.2. Examination of historical improvement programs and their impact

2. Historical Context

2.1. Two centuries of improvement efforts

2.2. Interconnection of programs with local struggles

3. Outcomes of improvement programs

3.1. Mixed results of improvement initiatives

3.2. Positive changes: infrastructure, health and governance

4. Trusteeship

4.1. Developing capacities without domination

5. Govermentality (Michel Foucault)

5.1. Shaping human behaviour through calculated means

6. Power at a distance

6.1. Influence without direct coercion; lack of awareness about control

7. Karl Marx and Karl Polanyi

7.1. Marx: class struggle; historical materialism; capital accumulation; revolutionary change

7.1.1. Polanyi: Double movement; embedded economy; fictitious commodities; social protection

8. Theoretical Frameworks

8.1. Programmers vs Critics

8.2. The role of technical solutions in framing social issues

9. The role of experts

9.1. Experts as trustees of improvement initiatives

9.2. The relationship between experts and affected populations

10. Political economy and contestation

10.1. Intersection of political and economic forces

10.2. Mobilization in response to improvement failures

11. The language of rights

11.1. The evolution of rights discourse in improvement contexts

12. Case Studies in Sulawesi

12.1. Complex interplay of improvement schemes and power dynamics

13. Customary Land Rights

13.1. Recognition and protection; challenges from political authorities

14. Capitalism and improvement

14.1. Intersection of capitalist processes and improvement programs; primitive accumulation and dispossession; role of trustees in promoting growth and addressing dispacement