1. Waves, communication and the Universe
1.1. Wavelength, frequency, amplitude
1.1.1. Wave equation
1.2. Longitudinal waves
1.2.1. Sound
1.2.1.1. Frequency and pitch
1.2.1.2. Amplitude and loudness
1.2.1.3. Echoes
1.2.2. Compression and rarefaction
1.3. Transverse waves
1.3.1. Electromagnetic spectrum
1.3.1.1. Speed in a vacuum
1.3.1.2. Communication
1.3.1.2.1. Radiowaves
1.3.1.2.2. Microwaves
1.3.1.2.3. Infra-red
1.3.1.2.4. Visible light
1.4. Reflection
1.4.1. Normal
1.4.1.1. Angle of incidence = angle of reflection
1.4.1.1.1. Constructing ray diagrams
1.5. Refraction
1.6. Diffraction
1.7. Origins of the Universe
1.7.1. Doppler effect
1.7.1.1. Wavelength increasing
1.7.1.1.1. Red-shift
1.8. CMBR
1.8.1. Cosmic microwave background radiation
1.8.1.1. Evidence for Big Bang Theory
2. Electrical appliances
2.1. Energy transfer E = P x t
2.2. Mains electricity
2.2.1. Cost
2.2.1.1. Kilowatt hours
2.3. Generating electricity
2.3.1. Advantages and disadvantages of different methods
2.3.1.1. Wind
2.3.1.2. Solar
2.3.1.3. Geothermal
2.3.1.4. Wave
2.3.1.5. Hydroelectric
2.3.2. Heating water to produce steam
2.3.2.1. Turbines
2.3.2.1.1. Generators
2.3.2.2. Fossils fuels
2.3.2.3. Uranium / plutonium
2.3.2.4. Biofuels
2.3.3. Supply and demand
2.3.4. National grid
2.3.4.1. Overhead and underground cables - advantages and disadvantages
2.3.4.2. Step-up / step-down transformers
3. Energy efficiency
3.1. Energy transfer
3.1.1. Conservation of energy
3.1.1.1. Wasted energy - e.g. heat
3.2. Calculating energy efficiency
4. Energy transfer by heating
4.1. Kinetic energy
4.1.1. States of matter
4.1.1.1. Solid
4.1.1.2. Liquid
4.1.1.3. Gas
4.1.1.4. Evaporation
4.1.1.5. Condensation
4.2. Heat transfer
4.2.1. Conduction
4.2.2. Convection
4.2.3. Radiation
4.2.3.1. Surface
4.2.3.1.1. Dark, matt
4.2.3.1.2. Light, shiny
4.2.3.2. Infra-red
4.2.4. Rate of heat transfer
4.2.4.1. Material
4.2.4.2. Surface area
4.2.4.3. Difference in temperature
4.3. Heating and insulating buildings
4.3.1. U-values
4.3.1.1. Low U-value
4.3.1.1.1. Good insulator
4.3.2. Solar panels
4.3.3. Specific heat capacity