Chapter 4: Images

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Chapter 4: Images by Mind Map: Chapter 4: Images

1. 3-D drawing and rendering

1.1. 3-D animation tools

1.2. Features of a 3-D application

1.3. 3-D drawing

1.3.1. 3-D animation, drawing, and rendering tools include:

1.3.1.1. Daz3D

1.3.1.2. Form*Z

1.3.1.3. NewTek′s Lightwave

1.3.1.4. Autodesk’s Maya

1.3.1.5. Trimble’s SketchUp

1.3.2. Features of a 3-D application

1.3.2.1. Modeling - Placing all the elements into 3-D space.

1.3.2.2. Extrusion - The shape of a plane surface extends some distance.

1.3.2.3. Lathing - A profile of the shape is rotated around a defined axis.

1.4. Rendering

1.4.1. Rendering - Use of intricate algorithms to apply user-specified effects

1.4.2. Takes many hours for a single image

2. Texture

2.1. What is Texture?

2.1.1. refers to the properties held and sensations caused by the external surface of objects received through the sense of touch.

2.1.2. the feel of a surface or a fabric; "the wall had a smooth texture

3. Vector Graphics

3.1. Advantages

3.1.1. Vector images use less memory space.

3.1.2. For the Web, pages that use vector graphics in plug-ins download faster and, when used for animation, draw faster than bitmaps.

3.1.3. Vector objects are easily scalable without loss of resolution or image quality.

3.1.4. Easy to edit the drawings as each object is independent of the other.

3.2. Disadvantages

3.2.1. Objects/drawings cannot have texture.

3.2.2. cannot be used for photorealistic images.

4. Vector-drawn images

4.1. How vector-drawn images work

4.1.1. A vector is a line that is described by the location of its two endpoints.

4.1.2. Vector drawing makes use of Cartesian coordinates.

4.1.3. Cartesian coordinates are numbers that describe a point in two- or three-dimensional space as the intersection of the X, Y, and Z axes.

5. Vector Drawing

5.1. Vector-drawn graphics

5.1.1. Applications of vector-drawn object

5.1.2. How vector-drawn images work

5.1.3. Vector-drawn images versus bitmaps

5.2. Vector-drawn images are used in the following areas:

5.2.1. Computer-aided design (CAD) programs needed by architects and engineers

5.2.2. Graphic artists designing for the print media

5.2.3. 3-D animation programs – changes of position, rotation, and shading of light

5.2.4. Applications requiring drawing of graphic shapes

6. Bitmap Software

6.1. The industry-standard programs for bitmap painting and editing are:

6.1.1. Adobe’s Photoshop and Illustrator

6.1.2. Corel’s Painter and CorelDraw

7. Bitmap Sources

7.1. Where do bitmaps come from?

7.1.1. Capture a bitmap using a camera.

7.1.2. Capture a bitmap from a photo or other artwork using a scanner to digitize the image.

7.1.3. Make a bitmap from scratch with a paint or drawing program

7.1.4. Grab a bitmap from an active computer screen with a screen capture program, then paste it into a paint program or your applications.

7.1.5. Get from the suppliers of clip arts, and from photo-graph suppliers.

7.1.6. Libraries of clip art are available online and images are downloadable (usually for a fee)

7.1.7. Download from an image from website – be aware of who owns the copyright to the image you wish to use and what is required to reproduce the image legally

7.2. Legal rights protecting use of images from clip art galleries fall into three basic groupings:

7.2.1. Public domain images were either never protected by a copyright or their copyright has ended (freely used without obtain permission/license fee)

7.2.2. Royalty-free images are purchased and then used without paying addition license fees

7.2.3. Right-managed images require you negotiate with the right holder regarding terms for using the image and how much you will pay for that use

8. Bitmaps Graphics

8.1. Advantages

8.1.1. Can have different textures on the drawings; detailed and comprehensive.

8.2. Disadvantages

8.2.1. Large file size

8.2.2. Not easy to make modification to objects/drawings

8.2.3. Resizing a bitmapped image requires either duplicating pixels.

8.2.4. Graphics become "blocky" when the size is increased.

9. Rendering

9.1. Rendering - Use of intricate algorithms to apply user-specified effects

9.2. Takes many hours for a single image

10. Bitmaps Graphics

10.1. Advantages

10.1.1. Can have different textures on the drawings; detailed and comprehensive.

10.2. Disadvantages

10.2.1. Large file size

10.2.2. Not easy to make modification to objects/drawings

10.2.3. Resizing a bitmapped image requires either duplicating pixels.

10.2.4. Graphics become "blocky" when the size is increased.

11. Bitmap Sources

11.1. Where do bitmaps come from?

11.1.1. Capture a bitmap using a camera.

11.1.2. Capture a bitmap from a photo or other artwork using a scanner to digitize the image.

11.1.3. Make a bitmap from scratch with a paint or drawing program

11.1.4. Grab a bitmap from an active computer screen with a screen capture program, then paste it into a paint program or your applications.

11.1.5. Get from the suppliers of clip arts, and from photo-graph suppliers.

11.1.6. Libraries of clip art are available online and images are downloadable (usually for a fee)

11.1.7. Download from an image from website – be aware of who owns the copyright to the image you wish to use and what is required to reproduce the image legally

11.2. Legal rights protecting use of images from clip art galleries fall into three basic groupings:

11.2.1. Public domain images were either never protected by a copyright or their copyright has ended (freely used without obtain permission/license fee)

11.2.2. Royalty-free images are purchased and then used without paying addition license fees

11.2.3. Right-managed images require you negotiate with the right holder regarding terms for using the image and how much you will pay for that use

12. Bitmap Software

12.1. The industry-standard programs for bitmap painting and editing are:

12.1.1. Adobe’s Photoshop and Illustrator

12.1.2. Corel’s Painter and CorelDraw

13. Vector Drawing

13.1. Vector-drawn graphics

13.1.1. Applications of vector-drawn object

13.1.2. How vector-drawn images work

13.1.3. Vector-drawn images versus bitmaps

13.2. Vector-drawn images are used in the following areas:

13.2.1. Computer-aided design (CAD) programs needed by architects and engineers

13.2.2. Graphic artists designing for the print media

13.2.3. 3-D animation programs – changes of position, rotation, and shading of light

13.2.4. Applications requiring drawing of graphic shapes

14. Vector-drawn images

14.1. How vector-drawn images work

14.1.1. A vector is a line that is described by the location of its two endpoints.

14.1.2. Vector drawing makes use of Cartesian coordinates.

14.1.3. Cartesian coordinates are numbers that describe a point in two- or three-dimensional space as the intersection of the X, Y, and Z axes.

15. Vector Graphics

15.1. Advantages

15.1.1. Vector images use less memory space.

15.1.2. For the Web, pages that use vector graphics in plug-ins download faster and, when used for animation, draw faster than bitmaps.

15.1.3. Vector objects are easily scalable without loss of resolution or image quality.

15.1.4. Easy to edit the drawings as each object is independent of the other.

15.2. Disadvantages

15.2.1. Objects/drawings cannot have texture.

15.2.2. cannot be used for photorealistic images.

16. Texture

16.1. What is Texture?

16.1.1. refers to the properties held and sensations caused by the external surface of objects received through the sense of touch.

16.1.2. the feel of a surface or a fabric; "the wall had a smooth texture

17. 3-D drawing and rendering

17.1. 3-D animation tools

17.2. Features of a 3-D application

17.3. 3-D drawing

17.3.1. 3-D animation, drawing, and rendering tools include:

17.3.1.1. Daz3D

17.3.1.2. Form*Z

17.3.1.3. NewTek′s Lightwave

17.3.1.4. Autodesk’s Maya

17.3.1.5. Trimble’s SketchUp

17.3.2. Features of a 3-D application

17.3.2.1. Modeling - Placing all the elements into 3-D space.

17.3.2.2. Extrusion - The shape of a plane surface extends some distance.

17.3.2.3. Lathing - A profile of the shape is rotated around a defined axis.

18. Colors and Palettes in Multimedia

18.1. Understanding natural light and color models

18.1.1. Additive color

18.1.2. Subtractive color

18.2. Additive color

18.2.1. In the additive color method, a color is created by combining colored light sources in three primary colors - red, green, and blue (RGB).

18.2.2. TV and computer monitors use this method.

18.3. Subtractive color

18.3.1. In the subtractive color method, color is created by combining colored media such as paints or ink.

18.3.2. The colored media absorb (or subtract) some parts of the color spectrum of light and reflect the others back to the eye.

18.3.3. Subtractive color is the process used to create color in printing.

18.3.4. The printed page consists of tiny halftone dots of three primary colors: cyan, magenta, and yellow (CMY).

18.4. Dithering

18.4.1. Usually, digitised images are 24 bit, 16 million colour depth.

18.4.2. If display system is limited to less than 16 million colours, the image must be transformed for display in the lesser colour environment (colour dithering).

18.4.3. Dithering is a process whereby the color value of each pixel is changed to the closest matching color value in the target palette.

18.4.4. This is done using a mathematical algorithm.

19. Image File Types Used in Multimedia

19.1. Macintosh formats

19.1.1. On the Macintosh, the most commonly used format is PICT.

19.1.2. PICT is a versatile format developed by Apple.

19.2. Windows formats

19.2.1. The most commonly used image file format on Windows is DIB, also known as BMP.

19.2.1.1. DIB stands for device-independent bitmaps.

19.3. Cross-platform formats

19.3.1. JPEG, GIF, and PNG – Most commonly used format on the Web

19.3.1.1. JPEG(Joint Photographic Expert Group )

19.3.1.1.1. Commonly used standard method of compression for photographic images.

19.3.1.1.2. Support a maximum of 16.7 million colors

19.3.1.1.3. Lossy compression technique: Losses some image information.

19.3.1.1.4. Degradation of image possible with repeated editing and saving

19.3.1.1.5. No transparency

19.3.1.1.6. No animation

19.3.1.2. GIF

19.3.1.2.1. 8-bit per pixel, bitmap image format commonly used by the world wide web.

19.3.1.2.2. Uses lossless compression technique.

19.3.1.2.3. Image can have transparent portion.

19.3.1.2.4. Animation possible.

19.3.1.3. PNG (Portable Network Graphic )

19.3.1.3.1. Supports more than 16.7 million colors.

19.3.1.3.2. Use Lossless Compression Technique

19.3.1.3.3. Image can have transparent portion

19.3.1.3.4. No animation

19.4. Image File Compression

19.4.1. lossless compression

19.4.1.1. every single bit of data that was originally in the file remains after the file is uncompressed. All of the information is completely restored

19.4.2. Lossy compression

19.4.2.1. reduces a file by permanently eliminating certain information, especially redundant information.

20. Making Still Images

20.1. Still images may be the most important element of a multimedia project.

20.2. Still images may be small or large, or even full screen. They may be colored, placed at random on the screen, evenly geometric, or oddly shaped.

20.3. Still images are generated in two ways:

20.3.1. Bitmaps (raster)

20.3.2. Vector-drawn graphics

20.4. Bitmaps editors are called painting program, vector editors are called drawing program.

20.5. Bitmaps

20.5.1. Bitmap is derived from the words “bit,” which means the simplest element in digital world, an electronic digit that is either on or off, black or white, or true (1) or false (0).

20.5.2. A bitmap is a simple matrix of the tiny dots that form an image and are displayed on a screen or printed.

20.6. Bitmaps are an image format suited for creation of:

20.6.1. Photo-realistic images

20.6.2. Complex drawings requiring fine detail

20.7. Image editing programs enable the user to:

20.7.1. Enhance and make composite images

20.7.2. Alter and distort images

20.7.3. Add and delete elements

20.7.4. Morph (manipulate still images to create animated transformations), allow to smoothly blend two images so that one image seems to melt into the next

20.8. Users can scan images from conventional sources and make necessary alterations and manipulations.