1. Environmentalism
1.1. Early 1900's
1.1.1. Urbanization
1.1.2. Romanticizing the wilderness
1.1.3. Preservation
1.1.4. Awareness of over exploitation
1.2. 1960's + 70's
1.2.1. Middle class support
1.2.2. Downside of economic growth
1.2.3. First Earth Day on April 22nd !970
1.2.4. UN conference on human environment in 1972
1.2.4.1. Ignorance
1.2.4.2. lack of technical expertise
1.2.4.3. population growth
1.3. 2000's and Beyond
1.3.1. Climate change
1.3.2. Food, agriculture, energy efficiency
1.3.3. To eat or not to eat organic
1.3.4. Impact on farmers in developing countries
1.4. Sustainable Development
1.4.1. "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs"
1.4.2. Economic growth and development not necessarily at odds
1.4.3. Biological diversity
1.4.4. "Green Imperialism"
1.4.5. 2 viewpoints
1.4.5.1. Human needs paramount, development must adapt
1.4.5.2. Development and environmental stewardship is complimentary
2. Environmental History
2.1. Early Theories
2.1.1. Environmental determinism
2.1.1.1. Environments determine human behavior and capacities
2.1.1.2. Ellsworth Huntington
2.1.1.3. Ellen Churchill Semple
2.1.2. Social darwinism
2.1.2.1. Humans are also affected by "survival of the fittest"
2.1.3. Cultural possibilism
2.1.3.1. Environment sets limitations but social conditions also play a part
2.2. Gathering History
2.2.1. Data
2.2.1.1. Historical and geographical (archival - written records)
2.2.1.2. Government documents
2.2.1.3. Settlement maps, photos, forestry records
2.2.1.4. Oral histories
2.3. Question of Power
2.3.1. Who controls the narrative?
2.3.2. Who writes the books and archival records?
2.3.3. Landscape archaeology
2.3.4. What is being left out of the narrative?
2.3.4.1. Whose voices are being catalogued, documented, narrated in environmental histories?
3. Themes Prominent in Cultural Ecology
3.1. Modernization Theory
3.1.1. European innovation is key to economic growth
3.2. Dualism
3.2.1. The Development of one area/group at the expensive of another
3.2.2. Analyzed at different scales
3.2.2.1. international
3.2.2.2. regional
3.2.2.3. local
3.2.3. Farmers in commercial agriculture and small scale substinence farming
3.2.4. Formal and informal work in urban areas
3.3. Political Ecology
3.3.1. A concern with scale
3.3.2. Understanding processes which lead marginalization
3.3.3. Consideration of social differentiation
3.3.4. Importance placed on power (in discourse)
3.4. Chains of Explanation
3.4.1. Help to understand proximate and ultimate causes
3.4.2. Commodity chain
3.4.2.1. Opaque and untraceable
3.5. Marginality
3.5.1. Social, economic, environmental
3.5.2. European settlers in African countries
3.5.2.1. Africans forced on to marginal lands
3.5.2.2. Helps to explain land degradation
3.6. Critiques of of Political Ecology
3.6.1. What are the critiques of PE?
3.6.1.1. deterministic
3.6.2. Agents of social change
3.6.2.1. Counter narratives
3.6.2.2. local resistance/local power
4. Hazards Geography and Human Vulnerability
4.1. Hazards
4.1.1. Situations that can cause injury, diseases, economic loss, or environmental damage
4.2. The political economy argument
4.2.1. The "choice" is influenced by place in society and structure of the economy
4.2.2. Natural hazard means different things to different communities
4.2.3. Nature/society interwoven
4.2.4. Technological hazards
4.3. Hazards and society
4.3.1. Risk
4.3.1.1. How do we measure risk?
4.3.1.2. Is risk equally shared?
4.3.2. Risk perception
4.3.2.1. Socio-cultural and economic factors that influence risk perception
4.3.2.2. Fast moving natural hazards and slow ones
4.3.2.3. Prior experience with a natural hazard
4.4. The element of power
4.4.1. Risk perception shapes by value and power based constructions of individual/community structure
4.4.2. Vulnerability
4.4.2.1. Short term and long term effects of risk
4.4.2.2. Varies over space and time
4.4.2.3. Depends on access to resources
4.4.2.3.1. Women, elderly, children, ethnic minorities, physically and mentally disabled
4.4.2.4. Material, institutional, attitudinal
5. Population, Consumption, Technology
5.1. Theory
5.1.1. exponential - J Curve
5.1.2. carrying capacity - S Curve
5.2. Structualist Perspective
5.2.1. Engels
5.2.1.1. individuals are a net benefit through labor
5.2.1.2. Outcome = poverty
5.2.2. Neo-structuralists
5.2.2.1. scarcities are an outcome of hoarding resources by countries and segments of society and unequal consumption levels
5.2.3. Esther Boserup
5.2.3.1. population increase led to greater productivity (food as dependent variables
5.2.4. David Harvey
5.2.4.1. why consider only population and resources
5.3. The Cornucopian or Technocratic
5.3.1. Technology will overcome resource constraints
5.3.2. Julian Simon
5.3.2.1. free markets, rising prices will lead to innovation
5.3.2.2. Focus on the economic concept of substitute
5.3.3. Bjorn Lomborg
5.3.3.1. skeptic - global environmental issues not supported by relevant data
5.3.4. IPAT Equation
5.3.4.1. impact = (population) (consumption/per person) (impact/per unit of consumption)
5.4. Criticisms
5.4.1. Double population does not mean double impact
5.4.2. Humans are predators on the environment
5.4.2.1. does not consider conservation and preservation
6. Biodiversity, Conservation, Protected Lands
6.1. Environmental Goverance
6.1.1. who decides what gets conserved?
6.1.2. who decides what the outcomes of conservations are?
6.1.3. who manages the conservation zones and why?
6.1.4. how do we conserve without an impact on local communities?
6.2. Biodiversity
6.2.1. genetic
6.2.2. species
6.2.3. habitat
6.2.4. genetic bottlenecks
6.2.5. minimum viable population
6.2.6. habitat fragmentation
6.3. Invasive Species
6.3.1. can work in an environment when the introduction is slow and gradual
6.4. Efforts at Conservation
6.4.1. value placed on human use
6.4.2. intrinsic value
6.4.3. couched in management principles during the colonial period
6.4.4. now: endangered species act and convention on biological diversity
6.5. Cultural and National Biodiversity
6.5.1. conservation
6.5.1.1. indigenous identity
6.5.1.2. local use
6.5.1.3. role of ecotourism
6.5.1.4. democratize and empower
6.5.1.4.1. local ability to manage resources
6.5.1.5. shared benefits
7. Approaches
7.1. Eccocentric
7.2. Constructivist
7.3. Holistic
8. Biophysical environment
8.1. Terra Preta Soil
8.1.1. Fertile man-made soil found in the Amazon basin
8.1.2. Pre-Columbian Soils dating back to 450 BC to 950 AD
8.1.3. Biochar - charcoal produced from plant matter
8.2. Physical Geography
8.2.1. The study of the Earth
8.2.2. Not just about "where" but also "why"
8.2.3. Definition of geography: what is where and why is it there?
8.3. Four Realms
8.3.1. Hydrosphere
8.3.1.1. All of the waters on the Earth
8.3.2. Atmosphere
8.3.2.1. Gases that surround the Earth
8.3.3. Lithosphere
8.3.3.1. Rigid outer part of the Earth consisting of the crust and upper mantle
8.3.4. Biosphere
8.3.4.1. Regions of the Earth occupied by all living organisms
8.3.4.2. Biogeography
8.3.4.2.1. Study of the patterns and relationships in the biotic environment
8.3.4.3. Ecology
8.3.4.3.1. Branch of biology that deals with relations of organisms to one another and their physical surroundings
8.4. Albedo
8.4.1. Fraction of the received solar radiation that is reflected by a surface
8.4.2. Ice/snow absorbs while water reflects
8.4.3. Darker surfaces will absorb more, lighter surfaces will reflect more
8.5. Dew point
8.5.1. Saturated air
8.5.2. Hot air can hold a lot of moisture
9. Culture and Political Ecology
9.1. The Birth of Cultural Ecology
9.1.1. Emphasis on technology in the 50's +60's
9.1.2. Independence of the Global South
9.1.2.1. Faults with local, native, indigenous production
9.1.2.2. Belief that production should be market based and not for substance
9.1.3. European Colonialism
9.1.3.1. Control over cultural habits, imaginations, the way of thinking
9.1.4. 2 Primary contributions
9.1.4.1. Emphasis on the ecological and economic rationality of these systems
9.1.4.2. Questioned the use, implementing, adoption of temperate techniques in tropical and equatorial environments
9.2. Themes Prominent in Cultural Ecology
9.2.1. Society and nature intimately connected
9.2.1.1. Resource management techniques through diet, production, technology, etc
9.2.1.2. Emphasis on micro-climates and environmental variability
9.2.2. Cultural practices and behaviors
9.2.2.1. Seeking the functional aspects of cultural traditions
9.2.3. Food production and population dynamics
9.2.3.1. Mesoamericans
9.3. Political Ecology
9.3.1. Critique of cultural ecology
9.3.2. Recognition of the political economy
9.3.2.1. Decision making structures
9.3.2.2. Hierarchies of power
9.4. Development Studies
9.4.1. Modernization theory
9.4.2. European innovation is key to economic growth
9.4.2.1. Technical expertise, know-how attitude, capital growth inevitable
9.4.2.2. Import ideas to tropical countries
9.5. Dependency Theory
9.5.1. 1960's - emphasis on "structure"
9.5.2. Underdevelopment because of European colonialism
9.5.2.1. Production of commodity crops for European markets
10. Climate, Atmosphere, Energy
10.1. Acid Deposition
10.1.1. Acid rain - nitric acid and sulfuric acid
10.1.2. burning of fossil fuels
10.2. Climate Change and Global Warming
10.2.1. climate and weather
10.2.2. Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Water Vapor, Nitrous oxides, CFC's
10.2.3. Carbon dioxide emissions
10.2.4. greenhouse effect
10.3. Carbon Sequestration
10.3.1. Carbon sinks - tropical forests, vegetative matter, soil
10.3.2. REDD (reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation
10.3.2.1. market incentives
10.3.2.2. biodiversity
10.3.2.3. issues (rights of locals, faulty carbon markets and methods of compensation)
10.4. Big Concerns
10.4.1. sea level rise
10.4.2. droughts and shifts in agricultural areas of the world
10.5. Policies
10.5.1. Earth summit 1992 - reduce carbon emissions
10.5.2. Kyoto Protocol - emissions trading
10.5.3. Copenhagen Accord 2009
10.6. Paris Climate Talks - 2015
10.6.1. Keep global temps >2 degrees C
10.6.2. goal of zero net emissions
10.6.3. 187 countries agreed to "intended nationally determined contributions"
11. Agriculture and Food Systems
11.1. Intensification
11.1.1. more labor and energy = higher yields
11.1.2. intensive agriculture systems have low external outputs and rely on labor
11.2. Traditional systems
11.2.1. global south
11.2.2. subsistence
11.2.3. polycultural
11.2.4. agroforestry: mixing crops and trees
11.2.5. shifting cultivation
11.2.6. intensive traditional agriculture
11.2.6.1. high yields, heavy inputs
11.2.7. pastoralism
11.3. Industrial Agriculture
11.3.1. global north
11.3.2. commercial
11.3.2.1. family and corporate farms
11.3.3. monocultural
11.3.4. uses fossil fuels, GMO's, fertilizers, pesticides, insecticides
11.3.5. CAFO's
11.3.5.1. Continental Animal Feeding Operations
11.4. Seed Development
11.4.1. hybrid seed varieties
11.4.2. GMO's
11.4.2.1. can get a copywriter on a seed
11.4.2.2. seeds are hard to contain
11.4.2.3. destroys native species
11.5. Green Revolution
11.5.1. 1960's - industrial revolution of agriculture
11.5.1.1. very successful around the world
11.5.2. hybrid seeds, fertilizers, pesticides
11.5.3. mixed: industrial and traditional systems
11.5.4. agricultural dual economy
11.5.5. plantation agriculture
11.5.6. urban agriculture
11.6. Agrosystems
11.6.1. interactions between pests and plants
11.7. Constraints of Traditional Agriculture
11.7.1. reduced fallow time
11.7.2. alternative employment - urban areas
11.7.3. return to polycultural systems difficult
11.7.4. absence/ lack of livestock for manure
11.7.4.1. diseases
11.7.5. green manure
11.7.6. soil erosion
11.7.6.1. power grabs
11.7.6.2. overgrazing
11.8. Constraints with Industrial and Plantation Agriculture
11.8.1. high yields, high energy inputs
11.8.2. pesticides, herbicides, fungicides
11.8.2.1. broad spectrum pesticides
11.8.2.2. persistent chemicals
11.8.2.3. circle of poison
11.8.3. bioaccumulation
11.8.4. biomagnification
11.8.5. pesticide resistance
11.8.5.1. bt cotton
11.8.6. genetic escape
11.8.7. integrated pest management
11.8.7.1. biological, mechanical, and chemical control
11.8.8. groundwater and surface water contamination
11.8.8.1. eutrophication
11.8.9. investments in dams, canals, irrigation infrastructure
11.9. Agriculture and Food Policy
11.9.1. low food prices, less pressure on wages
11.9.2. overproduction
11.9.3. subsidies
11.9.3.1. water
11.9.3.2. public land
11.10. Famine and Hunger
11.10.1. explained in environmental / resource management terms
11.10.1.1. natural events
11.10.1.2. declines in food production
11.10.2. food access
11.10.3. food availability
11.10.4. food sovereignty - relying on what your own country can produce
11.10.5. food self-sufficiency - different means by which food is produced
11.10.6. food security - being able to secure enough food
11.11. "Food Access" is Key
11.11.1. solution to hunger is not grow more food
11.11.2. structural failure to access food
11.11.2.1. poor and low income households
11.11.3. appropriate food production technologies
11.11.4. income - generating projects
11.11.5. cooperative grain banks
12. Water Resources and Fishing Livelihoods
12.1. Ancient Water Systems
12.1.1. Shaduf
12.1.2. Dike
12.1.3. Canals
12.1.4. Irrigation channels
12.2. Uses
12.2.1. Agriculture
12.2.1.1. uses the most
12.2.2. Domestic use
12.2.3. Industry
12.3. Water scarcity
12.3.1. Physical
12.3.2. economic
12.3.3. Privatization of water
12.3.3.1. neoliberal economics 80's
12.3.3.1.1. IMF
12.3.3.1.2. World Bank
12.3.4. Resistance
12.3.4.1. Global Water Justice Movement
12.3.4.2. water maps
12.4. Common Property Resources
12.4.1. tragedy of the commons
12.4.2. Elinor Ostrom
12.4.3. Documents instances of humans adapting to and collaboratively pursuing solutions to environmental problems through collective action