Experimental Design

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Experimental Design por Mind Map: Experimental Design

1. TRADITIONAL APPROACH TO CONDUCTING QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

2. ONE OF THE MOST COMPLICATED RESEARCH METHOD

3. OBSERVATION UNDER CONTROLLED/GOVERNED CONDITIONS

4. CONCERNED WITH THE EXAMINATION OF THE EFFECT OF IV ON DV

5. INVOLVES WITH IV,MANIPULATION TREATMENT,INTERVENTION,OBSERVATION.

5.1. ANSWERS THE QUESTION 'WHAT IF"

6. THE BEST OF THE QUANTITATIVE DESIGNS TO ESTABLISH PROBABLE CAUSE AND EFFECT

7. WHAT IS AN EXPERIMENT

7.1. A PRESCRIBED SET OF CONDITIONS

7.1.1. TEST -(IDEA,PRACTICE,PROCEDURE)

7.1.2. CHECK THE {INFLUENCE} ON OUTCOME/DV

7.1.3. DECIDE ON AN IDEA WITH WHICH TO 'EXPERIMENT'

7.1.4. ASSIGN INDIVIDUALS (SOME EXPERIENCE IT/EXPERIENCE STH DIFFERENT)

7.1.5. DETERMINE PERFORMANCE ON OUTCOME

8. WHEN DO WE USE AN EXPERIMENT

8.1. INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

8.1.1. WHAT IS TESTED

8.1.2. WHAT IS MANIPULATED

8.1.3. THE ONLY CHANGABLE VARIABLE

8.1.4. INTENTIONALLY CHANGED BY THE EXPERIMENTER

8.1.5. FACTOR OR CONDITION MANIPULATED CAUSED CHANGE IN ANOTHER (BEHAVIOUR)OR(CONDITION)

8.1.6. CHANGE IT TO SEE THE CHANGES OF (DV,EFFECT,OUTCOME)

8.2. ESTABLISHING POSSIBLE (CAUSE-EFFECT)

8.3. DEPENDENT VARIABLE

8.3.1. WHAT IS OBSERVED/MEASURED

8.3.2. WHAT IS AFFECTED BY IV

8.3.3. THE DATA COLLECTED DURING THE INVESTIGATION

8.3.4. RESULT OF THE MANIPULATION OF THE ID

8.3.5. STH MIGHT BE AFFECTED BY CHANGING THE IV VARIABLE

9. KEY CHARACTERISTISTICS OF EXPERIMENTS

9.1. RANDOM ASSIGNMENT

9.1.1. EQUATING THE GROUPS

9.1.1.1. INDIVIDUALS RANDOMLY ASSIGNED TO GROUPS

9.1.1.2. ANY VARIABILITY OF INDIVIDUALS EQUALLY DISTRIBUTE IN (GROUPS /CONDITIONS)

9.1.1.3. REDUCTION IN ERRORS

9.2. CONTROL OVER EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES

9.2.1. RANDOM ASSIGNMENT

9.2.1.1. CONTROL DECISION BEFORE EXPERIMENT

9.2.1.1.1. A DECISION MADE BEFORE THE EXPERIMENT

9.2.1.1.2. OCCURS ONLY IN EXPERIMENTAL SETTINGS

9.2.1.1.3. ASSIGNING INDIVIDUALS AT RANDOM INTO(EXPERIMENTAL GROUP/CONTROL GROUP)

9.2.1.1.4. EACH PARTICIPANT HAS EQUAL CHANCE OF BEING CHOSEN

9.2.1.1.5. UNBIAS AND FAIR

9.2.1.1.6. PROVIDING CONTROL FOR EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES

9.2.1.1.7. ITS EXPERIMENTAL TERM IS "EQUATING"

9.2.1.1.8. PARTICIPANTS ARE (AVAILABLE,VOLUNTEER)TO PARTICIPATE

9.2.1.2. THE MOST SOPHISTICATED TYPE OF EXPERIMENT INVOLVES RANDOM ASSIGNMENT

9.2.2. PRETESTS

9.2.2.1. PRETEST-POSTTEST DESIGN

9.2.2.1.1. PARTICIPANTS BEFORE

9.2.2.1.2. MANIPULATION

9.2.2.1.3. PARTICIPANTS AFTER

9.2.2.1.4. PARTICIPANTS MIGHT NOT RANDOMLY ASSIGNED(QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL)

9.2.2.1.5. POSSIBILITY OF HAVING CONTROL GROUP

9.2.2.1.6. THE REASON WE RUN THIS DESIGN IS TO SEE IF YOUR (MANIPULATION),HAS CAUSED A CHANGE IN THE PARTICIPANTS.

9.2.2.2. ADVANTAGES

9.2.2.2.1. CAN EVALUATE ATTRITION/MORTALITY(DROPOUT FACTOR)

9.2.2.2.2. CAN BE USED TO SELECT PARTICIPANTS FOR THE EXPERIMENT

9.2.2.2.3. ASSESS EQUIVALENCY OF GROUPS WITH SMALL SAMPLE SIZE

9.2.2.3. DISADVANTAGES

9.2.2.3.1. TIME CONSUMING AND AWKWARD TO ADMINISTER

9.2.2.3.2. RAISE THE PARTICIPANTS' EXPECTATIONS ABOUT THE OUTCOME

9.2.2.3.3. DEMAND CHARACTERISTICS

9.2.2.3.4. REDUCES EXTERNAL VALIDITY

9.2.2.4. POSTTEST

9.2.2.4.1. MEASURING ATTRIBUTE/CHARACTERISTICS AFTER RECEIVING TREATMENT

9.2.2.4.2. IS GIVEN AFTER TREATMENT

9.2.2.4.3. OUTCOME

9.2.2.4.4. TESTING PARTICIPANTS AFTER DOING EXPERIMENT

9.2.2.5. PRETEST

9.2.2.5.1. PROVIDES A MEASURE ON ATTRIBUTE/CHARACTERISTICS BEFORE RECEIVING A TREATMENT

9.2.2.5.2. USED FOR EQUATING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GROUPS

9.2.2.5.3. IS GIVEN TO EACH GROUP PRIOR TO INTRODUCTION

9.2.2.5.4. ASSURES THAT GROUPS ARE EQUIVALENT AT THE BEGINNING OF THE EXPERIMENT

9.2.2.5.5. IS GIVEN BEFORE MANIPULATION

9.2.3. COVARIATES

9.2.3.1. CONTROL PROCEDURES CAN BE USED BEFORE AND DURING THE EXPERIMENT

9.2.3.1.1. CONTROLLING EFFECTS OF PRETESTS ON DV

9.2.3.1.2. MEANS FOR EQUATING GROUPS

9.2.3.1.3. MEANS FOR CONTROLLING FOR POTENTIAL INFLUENCES THAT AFFECT DV

9.2.3.1.4. MAY EFFECT THE OUTCOME

9.2.3.1.5. ADDING TO A MODEL INCREASE THE ACCURACY OF THE RESULTS "PURE CAUSAL EFFECT"

9.2.3.1.6. CAN BE AN INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

9.2.3.1.7. NEED TO BE CONTROLLED

9.2.3.1.8. VARIABLES USING IN STATISTICS

9.2.4. MATCHING PARTICIPANTS

9.2.4.1. CONTROL PROCEDURES CAN BE USED BEFORE AND DURING THE EXPERIMENT

9.2.4.1.1. COMPLETELY RANDOMIZED DESIGN

9.2.4.1.2. RANDOMIZED BLOCK DESIGN

9.2.4.1.3. MATCHED PAIRS DESIGN

9.2.5. HOMOGENEOUS SAMPLES

9.2.5.1. CONTROL PROCEDURES CAN BE USED BEFORE AND DURING THE EXPERIMENT

9.2.6. BLOCKING VARIABLES

9.2.6.1. CONTROL PROCEDURES CAN BE USED BEFORE AND DURING THE EXPERIMENT

9.2.6.1.1. GENDER

9.3. MANIPULATION OF TREATMENT CONDITIONS

9.3.1. TREATMENT VARIABLES

9.3.1.1. MAJOR TYPES OF IV

9.3.1.1.1. TREATMENT

9.3.1.1.2. MEASURED

9.3.2. CONDITIONS

9.3.2.1. DIFFERENT LEVELS OF THE IV

9.3.2.1.1. A THREE-LEVEL TREATMENT VARIABLE

9.3.2.2. TREATMENT VARIABLES INCLUDE(CONDITIONS/LEVELS)

9.3.2.3. LEVELS ARE CATEGORIES OF A TREATMENT VARIABLE

9.3.2.3.1. CATEGORIES OF THE AMOUNT OF SLEEP HIGH MEDIUM LOW

9.3.3. INTERVENING IN THE TREATMENT CONDITIONS

9.4. THREATS TO VALIDITY

9.4.1. STATISTICAL CONCLUSION VALIDITY

9.4.2. CONSTRUCT VALIDITY

9.4.3. THREATS TO INTERNAL VALIDITY

9.4.3.1. HISTORY

9.4.3.1.1. THREATS RELATED TO PARTICIPANTS

9.4.3.2. MATURATION

9.4.3.2.1. THREATS RELATED TO PARTICIPANTS

9.4.3.3. REGRESSION

9.4.3.3.1. THREATS RELATED TO PARTICIPANTS

9.4.3.4. SELECTION

9.4.3.4.1. THREATS RELATED TO PARTICIPANTS

9.4.3.5. MORTALITY

9.4.3.5.1. THREATS RELATED TO PARTICIPANTS

9.4.3.6. INTERACTIONS WITH SELECTION

9.4.3.6.1. THREATS RELATED TO PARTICIPANTS

9.4.3.7. DIFFUSION OF TREATMENT

9.4.3.7.1. THREATS RELATED TO TREATMENT

9.4.3.8. COMPENSATORY EQUALIZATION

9.4.3.8.1. THREATS RELATED TO TREATMENT

9.4.3.9. COMPENSATORY RIVALRY

9.4.3.9.1. THREATS RELATED TO TREATMENT

9.4.3.10. RESENTFUL DEMORALIZATION

9.4.3.10.1. THREATS RELATED TO TREATMENT

9.4.3.11. TESTING

9.4.3.11.1. OCCUR DURING AN EXPERIMENT AND RELATE TO THE PROCEDURE OF THE STUDY

9.4.3.12. INSTRUMENTATION

9.4.3.12.1. OCCUR DURING AN EXPERIMENT AND RELATE TO THE PROCEDURE OF THE STUDY

9.5. OUTCOME MEASURE

9.5.1. THE EFFECT PREDICTED IN A HYPOTHESIS IN THE CAUSE-EFFECT EQUATION

9.5.2. ASSESSING INFLUENCE OF TREATMENT CONDITIONS ON (OUTCOME/DV)

9.5.3. SENSITIVE TO TREATMENTS IN THAT THEY RESPOND TO THE(SMALLEST AMOUNT OF INTERVENTION)

9.5.4. OUTCOME MEASURES NEED TO BE VALID DRAW VALID INFERENCES

9.5.4.1. DRAW VALID INFERENCES

9.6. THREATS TO EXTERNAL VALIDITY

9.6.1. INTERACTION OF SELECTION AND TREATMENT

9.6.1.1. MIXING AND COMBINING OF SEPARATE ELEMENTS

9.6.1.2. ALL SUBJECT FROM A DEFINED POPULATION RANDOMLY SELECTED

9.6.2. INTERACTION OF SETTING AND TREATMENT

9.6.3. INTERACTION OF HISTORY AND TREATMENT

9.7. GROUP COMPARISON

9.7.1. COMPARE SCORES FOR DIFFERENT TREATMENT ON AN OUTCOME

9.7.2. OFTEN IS THE FOCUS OF EXPERIMENTAL TREATMENT

9.7.3. GROUPS CAN BE COMPARED BETWEEN GROUPS/WITHIN GROUPS

9.7.3.1. CONTROL GROUPS

9.7.3.2. EXPERIMENTAL GROUP

10. Types of Experimental Designs:

10.1. Between Group Design

10.1.1. Making comparison between two groups or more.

10.1.1.1. 1- True Experiments

10.1.1.1.1. is the best approach to exploring the relationship between independent and dependent variables.offers the most control over variables. The main characteristic that all true experiments must have: *Random assignment of participants

10.1.1.2. 2- Quasi Experiments

10.1.1.2.1. involves selecting groups, upon which a variable is tested, without any random selection processes.

10.1.1.3. 3- Factorial Designs

10.1.1.3.1. A factorial experimental design is used to investigate the effect of two or more independent variables on one dependent variable.

10.1.2. It is the most common type of research, and it can take many forms:

10.2. Within-Group or Individual Designs

10.2.1. - limited number of participants - impossible to make more than 1 group

10.2.1.1. Time Series Design

10.2.1.1.1. - only a group of particpants - over aperiod of time - multiple pretest & posttest observations/measures

10.2.1.1.2. Variations

10.2.1.2. Repeated Measures Design

10.2.1.2.1. all participants in a single group participate in all experimental treatment

10.2.1.3. Single-Subject Designs

10.2.1.3.1. A/B Design

10.2.1.3.2. Multiple Baseline Design

10.2.1.3.3. Alternating Treatment Design