1. Reproductive System
1.1. Age related changes
1.1.1. Thinning of cervix
1.1.2. Erectile disfunction
1.1.3. Hormonal changes
1.1.3.1. Flatten labia
1.1.3.2. Vulva atropy
1.1.3.2.1. Increased risk of infection
1.1.3.3. Less natural lubrication
1.1.3.4. Alkaline vagina
1.1.4. Menopause
1.1.5. Painful sex
1.1.5.1. Lower drive
1.1.5.1.1. Less secretions
1.2. Abnormal
1.2.1. Cervical cancer
1.2.1.1. Atrophy
1.2.1.2. Shorter canal
1.2.1.3. Alkaline
1.2.1.4. Increased yeast infection
1.2.2. Prostatic hypertrophy
1.2.2.1. Thickening of membrane
1.2.2.2. Narrowing of lumen
1.2.2.3. Fibrosis
2. Respiratory system
2.1. Age related changes
2.1.1. Cartilage calcifies
2.1.1.1. Ribs become more brittle
2.1.1.1.1. Reduced lung function
2.1.2. Trachea calcifies
2.1.3. Reduced reflexes of throat
2.1.3.1. Less productive cough
2.1.4. Increased risk for infections
2.2. Abnormal
2.2.1. Disease/ infection
2.2.1.1. Pneumonia
2.2.1.1.1. Increased fluid in lungs
2.2.1.2. COPD
2.2.1.2.1. Bronchitis
2.2.1.2.2. Emphysema
2.2.1.2.3. Asthma
2.2.1.2.4. Lung cancer
3. GI system
3.1. Age related changes
3.1.1. Decreased taste sensation
3.1.1.1. Less taste of salt=increased amount added/ used with foods
3.1.2. Decreased esophageal motility
3.1.3. Atrophy of intestines
3.1.4. Increased risk of aspiration, indigestion, constipation
3.1.5. Gastric changes
3.1.5.1. Alters drug absorption
3.1.5.2. GERD
3.1.5.3. Maldigestion
3.1.5.4. NSAID ulcers
3.1.6. Decreased appetite
3.1.6.1. Reduced food intake
3.1.6.1.1. Weight loss
3.2. Abnormal
3.2.1. Hiatal hernia
3.2.2. Esophageal cancer
3.2.3. Ulceration
3.2.3.1. Indigestion
3.2.4. Colon cancer
3.2.4.1. Bloody stools
3.2.4.2. Constipation
4. Musculoskeletal system
4.1. Age related changes
4.1.1. Shortening of intervertebral disk
4.1.1.1. Shorter vertebrae
4.1.2. Reduced muscle mass
4.1.2.1. Less muscle movements
4.1.2.2. Decreased muscle strength
4.1.3. Impaired calcium absorption
4.1.4. Less bone mass and vitamin/ mineral absorption
4.2. Abnormal
4.2.1. Frailty syndrome
4.2.1.1. Weakness
4.2.1.2. Muscle wasting
4.2.1.3. Instability
4.2.1.4. Less endurance
4.2.1.5. Occurs 20-30% elders
4.2.2. Sarcopenia
4.2.2.1. Increased risk of disability of falls and unstable gait
4.2.2.1.1. Broken hips, wrists, shoulders
4.2.3. Arthritis
4.2.3.1. Osteoarthritis
4.2.3.2. Rheumatoid
4.2.3.3. Osteoporosis
4.2.3.4. Gout
5. Endocrine/Immune system
5.1. Age real aged changes
5.1.1. Slowed immune system
5.1.1.1. Increased risk of infection
5.1.1.2. Reduced antibodies response
5.1.2. Thinning of skin
5.1.3. Decreased langerhans cells
5.1.4. Decreased circulation
5.1.5. Immunizations
5.1.5.1. Inactive only
5.1.5.2. Healthy
5.1.5.3. Pneumococcal/ flu vaccine yearly 65+yo
5.2. Abnormal
5.2.1. Diseases
5.2.1.1. Diabetes
5.2.1.1.1. Type 2
5.2.1.2. Thyroid abnormalities
5.2.1.2.1. Hashimoto syndrome
5.2.1.3. HIV
5.2.1.3.1. A, B, C
5.2.1.4. Common manifestations
5.2.1.4.1. Fever
5.2.1.4.2. Chills
5.2.1.4.3. Pain
5.2.1.4.4. Delirium
6. Cardiovascular system
6.1. Age related changes
6.1.1. Loss of muscle contraction strength
6.1.1.1. Less pump efficency
6.1.2. Decreased cardiac output
6.1.3. Thickening of valves
6.1.4. Blood vessels become less elastic
6.1.4.1. Hypertension
6.1.5. Decreased oxygen saturation
6.2. Abnormal
6.2.1. Aneurysm
6.2.1.1. Narrowing of aorta
6.2.1.1.1. Can rupture lead to fatality
6.2.2. Cardiomyopathy
6.2.2.1. Increase in size
6.2.2.2. Swelling of heart and vessels
6.2.3. Coronary Artery Disease
6.2.4. HTN
6.2.4.1. High incidence in older adults
6.2.5. Vascular disease
6.2.6. Atherosclerosis
6.2.6.1. Risk embloi
6.2.6.1.1. Leading to MI
7. Urinary system
7.1. Age related changes
7.1.1. Decreased renal blood supply
7.1.2. Decreased glomerular filtration rate
7.1.3. Reduced men sperm count/ menopause in women
7.1.3.1. Atrophy of Fallopian tubes
7.1.3.2. Atrophy of testies
7.1.4. Decreased bladder capacity
7.1.4.1. Increased urinary frequency
7.1.4.2. Increased urgency
7.1.4.3. Nocturia
7.2. Abnormal
7.2.1. Incontinence
7.2.2. UTIs
7.2.2.1. Pyelonephritis
7.2.2.2. Cystitis
7.2.3. Cervical cancer women/ benign prostatic hypertrophy men
7.2.3.1. Enlargement of prostate blocks urinary pathway
7.2.3.1.1. Most common cancer in men
7.2.4. Renal disease
8. Nervous system
8.1. Age related changes
8.1.1. Decreased blood flow to brain
8.1.2. Reductions in neurons and nerve fibers
8.1.2.1. Forgetfulness
8.1.3. Sleep changes
8.1.3.1. Less REM sleep
8.1.3.2. “Light sleeper”
8.1.4. Hypothalamus decreased temp regulation
8.1.4.1. Normal low body temp/ cold feeling
8.2. Abnormal
8.2.1. Sensory impairments
8.2.1.1. Visual
8.2.1.1.1. Decreased/ slow reaction to light changes
8.2.1.1.2. Smaller/ constricted pupils
8.2.1.1.3. Presbyopia
8.2.1.2. Hearing
8.2.1.2.1. Presbycusis
8.2.2. ICU delerium
8.2.2.1. Long stays
8.2.2.2. No visitation daily
8.2.2.3. Poor reorientation
8.2.2.4. Not set routines
8.2.2.5. Restlessness
9. Integumentary system
9.1. Age related changes
9.1.1. Hair
9.1.1.1. Thins
9.1.1.2. Turns grey/ white
9.1.2. Decreased tissue elasticity
9.1.2.1. Droopy eyes
9.1.2.2. Lengthening of ears
9.1.2.3. Increased chin fat/ roll
9.1.3. Wrinkles
9.1.4. Decreased body fat
9.2. Abnormal
9.2.1. Pruritus
9.2.2. Pitting edema
9.2.3. Purpura
9.2.4. Venous insufficiency
9.2.4.1. Pooling of blood in extremities
9.2.4.2. Inability of blood to return to the heart
9.2.5. Skin tears
9.2.6. Pressure ulcers
10. Physical appearance
10.1. Posture
10.1.1. Kyphosis
10.1.1.1. Forward curvature of spin
10.2. Height
10.2.1. Shortened stature
10.2.1.1. Less carilage
10.2.1.2. Shorter vertebrae
10.2.1.3. Tissue changes
10.2.1.3.1. Less elastic
10.3. Medication
10.3.1. Polypharmacy
10.3.2. Extended drug half-lives
10.3.2.1. Decrease liver function
10.3.2.2. Decrease renal function
10.3.3. Altered pharmacodynamics
10.3.3.1. Increase myocardial sensitivity
10.3.3.2. Increased nerve receptors