1. Women
1.1. Women
1.1.1. Ballenger (2010)
1.2. Defining women
1.2.1. World Health Organization (2018)
1.2.2. Gansen & Martin (2018)
1.3. The historical role of women in higher education
1.3.1. Misra, Hickes-Lundquist, Holmes, & Agiomavritis (2011)
1.3.2. Knapp, Kelly-Reid, & Ginder (2011)
1.4. Professions
1.4.1. Sokoloff (1992)
1.4.2. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2017)
1.5. Semi-professions
1.5.1. Kaufman (1984)
1.5.2. U.S. Bureau of Labor (2018)
1.6. Percentage of women professionals
1.6.1. Gagliarducci & Paserman (2015)
1.6.2. Hannum, Muhly, Shockley-Zalabak, & White (2015)
1.7. Women's private lives
1.7.1. Brower, Schwartz, & Bertrand (2019)
1.8. The gender pay gap
1.8.1. Brown & Patton (2018)
1.8.2. U.S. Department of Labor, Women's Bureau (2018)
2. Culture
2.1. Gendered culture in the media
2.1.1. Filut, Kaatz, & Carnes (2017)
2.1.2. Carter, Steiner & Allan (2019)
2.2. Semiotic analysis
2.2.1. Archer (2019)
2.2.2. Saldana (2016)
2.3. Semiotics more clearly defined
2.3.1. Caesar (1999)
2.3.2. Chandler (2002)
2.4. Semiotics
2.4.1. Eco (1976)
2.4.2. Chandler (2002)
2.4.3. Caesar (1999)
2.5. Semiotic representations of women higher education administrators in mass media
2.5.1. Shepard (2017)
2.5.2. Burkinshaw & White (2017)
3. Media
3.1. The Media
3.1.1. Fink (2015)
3.1.2. Slater, Varsani, & Diedrichs (2017)
3.2. Media’s possible impact on higher education women leaders
3.2.1. AAUP (2018)
3.2.2. Selingo, Cheng, & Clark (2017)
3.3. Media generalizes women in private and professional sectors
3.3.1. Brooks & Hayes (2019)
3.3.2. Ross, Boyle, Carter, & Ging, (2018)
3.4. The exploitation of women in the media
3.4.1. Rocha (2013)
3.4.2. Morris, Goldenberg & Boyd (2018).
3.5. Gendered media misrepresentations of women professionals and leaders
3.5.1. Mavin & Grandy (2013)
3.5.2. Muzio & Tomlinson (2012)
3.6. Patriarchal media
3.6.1. Elliott, Stead, Mavin, & Williams (2016)
3.6.2. Rich & Walker (2019)
3.7. Women’s media presence
3.7.1. Ginsberg, Davis, & Simms (2019)
3.7.2. Macharia (2015)
3.8. Media portraying women higher education administrators
3.8.1. Hess (2012)
3.8.2. King & Gomez (2008)