1. two-way listening (interactive listening)
1.1. CASUAL CONVERSATION
1.1.1. Purpose: to exchange social and personal info
1.1.2. Listener role: listen and respond
1.2. CLASS LESSONS
1.2.1. Purpose: to educate and expand knowledge
1.2.2. Listener role: listening for instruction and key content
1.3. TELEPHONE CONVERSATIONS
1.3.1. Purpose: to exchange info, to take a message
1.3.2. Listener role: listen and respond, listen for detail
2. Features of spoken discourse that cause difficulty
2.1. SPEED
2.1.1. intra-clausal pausing
2.1.2. authentic speech
2.1.3. practice
2.2. ACCENT
2.2.1. unfamiliar accents make comprehension difficult
2.2.2. listen to same text but with different voices in order to improve comprehension
2.2.3. listen to recordings with various accents in order to improve and distinguish
2.3. UNPLANNED NATURE OF SPOKEN DISCOURSE
2.3.1. hesitations, reduced forms,
2.3.2. vocabulary: idioms, colloquials, etc.
2.3.3. grammar: unfinished utterances, false starts,etc.
2.4. BLENDS AND REDUCTIONS
2.4.1. dictation
2.4.2. noticing
2.4.3. gap-filling
3. one-way listening (non-interactive listening)
3.1. LECTURES
3.1.1. Purpose: knowledge expansion and learning about various topics
3.1.2. Listener role: taking notes, listening for main points and details
3.2. MOVIES, DRAMA, SONGS
3.2.1. Purpose: entartaining and gaining pleasure
3.2.2. Listener role: following plot, getting gist, etc.
3.3. ANNOUNCEMENTS
3.3.1. Purpose: to gain information, to act on information
3.3.2. Listener role: listen for specific items
3.4. INSTRUCTIONS
3.4.1. Purpose: to carry out a task
3.4.2. Listener role: listen to steps in the task