1. Lexicology
1.1. Studies the words and the history of them. Lexicology kind of organizes the words in categories, such as:
1.1.1. Noun
1.1.1.1. It names somethin).
1.1.1.1.1. Ex. (girl, kitchen, disease, etc.).
1.1.2. Verbs
1.1.2.1. Description of an action.
1.1.2.1.1. Ex. (jump, be, lay, etc.).
1.1.3. Auxiliaries
1.1.3.1. They give gramatical information and “help” the verbs) there are two types,: primary (be, have,do)
1.1.3.1.1. Ex. “i have eaten pizza” and modal (will, should, can). Ex. “i can play soccer”
1.1.4. Adjectives
1.1.4.1. They give us more information about a noun.
1.1.4.1.1. Ex. Short person, heavy purse, etc.
1.1.5. Adverbs
1.1.5.1. They describe verbs.
1.1.5.1.1. Ex. “He usually visits her in the weekends.”
1.1.6. Prepositions
1.1.6.1. “A function Word that typically combines with a noun phrase to form a phrase wich usually expresses a modification or predication.”(Merriam Webster, n.d.)
1.1.6.1.1. Ex. at, in, on.
1.1.7. Prenouns
1.1.7.1. They replace a noun. (We, you, them).
1.1.7.1.1. Ex. “It`s his book”
1.1.8. Conjunctions
1.1.8.1. They link the ideas together: and, or, but, etc.
1.1.8.1.1. Ex. “I like books and movies”, “I want a dog or a cat”.
2. Syntax
2.1. Is the study of how words form groups within sentences to construct meaning.
2.1.1. Words and phrases.
2.1.1.1. They split sentences up into groups of words that seem to belong together closely. These groups of words are called phrases and they function as a single unit in the syntax of a sentence.
2.1.2. Clauses
2.1.2.1. The example of a simple sentence above comprises of one main clause. There are two types of clauses: dependent and independent.
2.1.2.1.1. Independent
2.1.2.1.2. Dependent
2.1.3. Types of sentences
2.1.3.1. A simple sentence comprises of one independent clause.
2.1.3.2. A compound sentences is made up of two independent clauses joined with a coordinator (and, but etc).
2.1.3.3. A complex sentence has one independent and one dependent clause joined witha subordinator (or sometimes punctuation).
2.1.3.4. A compound-complex sentence is made up of one or more of each type of clause.
3. Discourse analysis
3.1. It investigates the language to understand how we communicate on a daily basis and gives us more context of it. It also allow us to appreciate how the language evolves.
3.1.1. Ex. Then:“Spifflicated” Now: “wasted/ hammered”
4. Phonology
4.1. Studies the organization and structure of sounds and how we use them (sounds) in language.
4.1.1. Phonetics
4.1.1.1. Studies the human sound and how we produce them
4.1.2. Prosodic features
4.1.2.1. Without them we would always sound the same. This is how we can transmit our emotions through speech.The same message could have different meanings depending on the prosodic features we use.
4.1.2.1.1. Timing
4.1.2.1.2. Loudness
4.1.2.1.3. Pitch
4.1.2.1.4. Stress
5. Morphology
5.1. Is the study of the formation and structure of words.
5.1.1. Morphemes
5.1.1.1. According to the Cambridge Dictionary is “The smallest unit of language that has its own meaning”, it can be a word or a word element. A word can contain one or more morphemes, (Cambridge dictionary, n.d.).
5.1.1.1.1. Free
5.1.1.1.2. Bound
6. Semantics
6.1. Semantics studies the literal meaning of the words and the combinations of them.
6.1.1. Ex. “i run in the mornings” “sorry i gotta run”