1. Ribosomes
1.1. Structure
1.1.1. rRNA
1.1.2. Protein
1.2. Function
1.2.1. translate mRNA into protein
1.3. Location
1.3.1. Free
1.3.1.1. make proteins for intercellular function
1.3.1.1.1. mostly proteins that function in the cytosol
1.3.2. Bound to Rough ER or Nuclear envelope
1.3.2.1. make mostly membrane bound proteins
1.4. *** non membrane bound so not an organelle
2. Genetic Instructions
2.1. Nucleus
2.1.1. Activity
2.1.1.1. DNA Replication
2.1.1.2. RNA transcription
2.1.2. Structure
2.1.2.1. Contains genetic information for cells
2.1.2.1.1. RNA
2.1.2.1.2. Chromosomes
2.1.2.2. Double phospholipid bilayer
2.1.2.2.1. Nuclear lamina
2.1.2.3. Nucleolus
2.1.2.3.1. adjacent to chromatin
2.1.2.3.2. where rRNA is transcribed and packaged in to ribosomes
3. Endomembrane System
3.1. nuclear envelope
3.2. Golgi apparatus
3.2.1. Structure
3.2.1.1. flattened membrane bound sacs=cisternae
3.2.2. Function
3.2.2.1. acts like a warehouse that stores, sorts, modifies, and ships
3.2.2.2. makes polysaccharides
3.2.2.3. glycoproteins=proteins with carbohydrates attached
3.3. endoplasmic reticulum
3.3.1. Structure
3.3.1.1. more than half of the membrane in cells
3.3.1.2. Smooth ER
3.3.1.3. Rough ER
3.3.2. Meaning
3.3.2.1. endoplasmic=in cytoplasm
3.3.2.2. reticulum= little net
3.3.3. Function
3.3.3.1. smooth ER
3.3.3.1.1. metabolic processes
3.3.3.2. Rough ER
3.3.3.2.1. site of translation
3.3.3.2.2. transport vesicles
3.4. lysozymes
3.4.1. Function
3.4.1.1. used to digest macromolecules
3.4.1.2. major role in phagocytosis
3.4.2. Structure
3.4.2.1. inside acidic pH
3.5. vesicles and vacuoles
3.5.1. Structure
3.5.1.1. vesicles from ER or golgi
3.5.1.2. different interior than cytosol
3.5.2. Function
3.5.2.1. Food vacuoles
3.5.2.2. contractile vacuoles
3.5.2.2.1. in fresh water unicellular eukaryotes to pump out water
3.5.2.3. Central vacuole
3.5.2.3.1. found in plants and is main repository of ions, helps growth
4. Energy Exchange
4.1. Mitochondria
4.1.1. Mitochondria are found in nearly all eukaryotic cells, including plants, animals, and fungi.
4.1.1.1. The metabolic process uses oxygen to generate ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels.
4.1.2. Structure
4.1.2.1. Cristae
4.1.2.1.1. The outer membrane is smooth, but the inner membrane is convoluted with infoldings.
4.1.2.2. The inner membrane creates two compartments
4.1.2.2.1. Mitochondrial matrix
4.1.2.2.2. The intermembrane space
4.2. Chloroplasts
4.2.1. Evolution
4.2.1.1. The endosymbiont theory
4.2.1.1.1. An early ancester of eukaryotic cells at some point engulfed a photosynthetic prokaryotic cell that evolved into a eukaryotic cell that contains chloroplasts.
4.2.2. Structure
4.2.2.1. Thylakiods, membranous sacs, (stacked to form a granum) and Stroma (internal fluid), which contains DNA, Ribosomes and Enzymes
4.2.2.2. The green pigment in Chloroplasts is Chlorophyll
4.2.3. Found in plants and algea, within their leaves and other green organs. They are the sities of photosynthesis
4.2.3.1. Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy, using it to make organic compounds from Carbon Dioxide and water.
5. Cytoskeleton
5.1. Give mechanical support to cell & maintain it's shape.
5.2. Is a network of fibers, extending through the cytoplasm.
5.2.1. Three main types of fibers.
5.2.1.1. Microtubules
5.2.1.1.1. The thickest of the three.
5.2.1.1.2. Functions
5.2.1.1.3. Hollow rods constructed from globular proteins called tubulins. Found in all eukaryotic cells.
5.2.1.2. Microfilaments
5.2.1.2.1. The thinnest of the three.
5.2.1.2.2. Function
5.2.1.2.3. Thin solid rods built from molecules of actin, a globular protein. Found in all eukaryotic cells.
5.2.1.3. Intermediate filaments
5.2.1.3.1. Are fibers with diameters in a middle range.
5.2.1.3.2. Function
5.2.1.3.3. Only found in the cells of some animals, including vertebrates.
6. Extracellular Matrix
6.1. main ingredients of the ECM:
6.1.1. Glycoproteins
6.1.1.1. Glycoproteins are proteins with covalently bonded carbohydrates, usually short chains of sugar
6.1.1.1.1. The most abundant glycoprotein in the ECM of most animal cells is collagen
6.1.1.2. some cells are attached to the ECM by ECM glycoproteins such as fibronectin.
6.1.1.2.1. Fibronectin and other ECM proteins bind to cell-surface receptor proteins called integrins.
6.1.2. carbohydrate-containing molecules secreted by cells
6.2. Extracellular matrix around a cell can influence the activity of genes in the nucleus.
6.3. Information about the ECM probably reaches the nucleus by a combination of mechanical and chemical signaling pathways.
6.3.1. Mechanical signaling involves fibronectin, integrins, and microfilaments of the cytoplasm.
6.3.1.1. which can trigger changes in the cytoplasm and can lead to changes in sets of proteins being made by cells.
6.3.1.1.1. That change in the sets of proteins also causes changes in the cells function. This makes it so the ECM of a particular tissue may help coordinate the behavior of all the cells of the tissue.