1. Constructivism
1.1. Piaget
1.1.1. The 4 Stages of Cognitive Development • Sensorimotor stage: birth to 2 years • Pre-operational stage: ages 2 to 7 • Concrete operational stage: ages 7 to 11 • Formal operational stage: ages 12 and up His theory focuses on the understanding the nature of intelligence
1.1.2. Hypothesis/Theory: Theory of cognitive development suggests that children move through four different stages of mental development.
1.1.2.1. Language Element: Semantics
2. Humanism:
2.1. Maslow
2.1.1. The original hierarchy of needs five-stage model includes: 1. Physiological needs 2. Safety needs 3. Love and belongingness needs 4. Esteem needs 5. Self-actualization needs Needs lower down in the hierarchy must be satisfied before individuals can attend to needs higher up.
2.2. Hypothesis/Theory: Theory of human motivation, believed self-actualization could be measured through the concept of peak experiences.
2.2.1. Language Element: Pragmatics
3. Sociocultural Perspectives
3.1. Vygotsky
3.1.1. Theory of Cognitive Development • Start with things you can do on your own • Next level is the Zone of Proximal Development - You need help to do these things • Last level is things you can’t do even with help His idea is based on social interaction being the center of learning. We learn best when working together.
3.1.2. Hypothesis/Theory: Believes we learn best when working together and through collaboration.
3.1.2.1. Language Element: Syntax