1. Molecular Spectroscopy
1.1. UV-Vis Absorption
1.1.1. Visible Spectrum
1.1.2. Electronic Spectroscopy
1.1.2.1. Shared bonded electrones
1.1.2.2. Unshared outer electrons
1.1.3. Conjugation
1.1.3.1. Lowers energy of Pi orbital, absorption max at longer wavelength
1.1.4. Solvents
1.1.4.1. Changes shape of bends
1.1.5. System
1.1.5.1. Single Beam
1.1.5.2. Double Beam
1.1.6. Beer's Law Deviations
1.1.6.1. High Concentrations
1.1.6.2. Polychromatic Radiation
1.1.6.3. Chemical Deviations
1.1.6.4. Stray Radiation
1.1.7. Bandwidth Slit
1.1.7.1. Wider bandwidth for more power
1.1.8. Applications
1.1.8.1. Quantitative Analysis
1.1.8.2. Kinetic Measurements
1.1.8.3. Characterization
1.2. Infrared
1.2.1. Oscillator
1.2.1.1. Harmonic
1.2.1.2. Anharmonic
1.2.2. Selection Rules
1.2.2.1. Change in dipole moment as a result of molecular vibration
1.2.2.2. Frequency of radiation matches the natrual frequency of vibration
1.2.2.3. Only fundamental transitions
1.2.3. Spectrometers
1.2.3.1. Interferometer
1.2.3.1.1. Michelson
1.2.3.1.2. Frequency Modulation
1.2.4. Resolution and Retardation
1.2.4.1. One complete Cycle
1.2.5. IR vs Dispersion Based
1.2.5.1. Fellgetts Advantage
1.2.5.2. Conne's Advantage
1.2.5.3. Jacquinot's Advantage
1.2.6. Sample Interaction Volume
1.2.6.1. ATR
1.2.6.1.1. Minimal Sample prep
1.2.6.1.2. Good for thick/strongly absorbing samples
1.2.6.1.3. Controlled penetration depth
1.2.6.2. Transmission
1.2.6.2.1. Not as good
1.3. Fluorescence + Phosphorescence
1.3.1. Jablonski Diagram
1.3.2. Singlet and Triplet States
1.3.2.1. Singlet
1.3.2.1.1. Paired
1.3.2.2. Triplet
1.3.2.2.1. Unpaired
1.3.3. Quantum Yield of Fluorescence
1.3.4. Processes
1.3.4.1. Internal Conversion
1.3.4.2. Vibrational Relaxation
1.3.5. Effects
1.3.5.1. Temperature
1.3.5.1.1. Colder better
1.3.5.2. Solvents
1.3.5.2.1. Heavy atoms quench Flu. and increase Phos.
1.3.5.3. Oxygen
1.3.5.3.1. Quenches Flu.
1.3.5.4. Structure
1.3.5.4.1. Aromatic and highly conjugated fluorescence
1.3.5.4.2. Single ring fluoresce weakly
1.3.5.4.3. Fused rings fluoresce stronger
1.3.5.4.4. Conjugated systems fluoresce even stronger
1.3.5.4.5. Heavy atoms reduces fluorescence
1.3.6. Quantification
1.3.6.1. Direct
1.3.6.2. Quenching
1.3.7. Spectra
1.3.7.1. Excitation
1.3.7.2. Emission
1.3.8. Fluorescence Spectroscopy
1.3.8.1. Absorption
1.3.8.2. Emission
1.3.8.3. Relaxation
1.3.8.4. Fluorescence Microscope
1.3.8.5. FRET
1.4. Raman
1.4.1. Elastic
1.4.1.1. E before = E after
1.4.2. Inelastic
1.4.2.1. E before < E after
1.4.3. Complements IR
1.4.3.1. Frequency shifts related to vibrational changes
1.4.3.2. Spectra similar
1.4.3.3. Different mechansims
1.4.4. Shifts
1.4.4.1. Stokes
1.4.4.1.1. Higher intensity
1.4.4.2. Anti-Stokes
1.4.4.2.1. Lower intensity
1.4.5. Instrumentation
1.4.5.1. Laser
1.4.5.2. Window
1.4.5.3. Interference filter
1.4.5.4. Iris Diaphragm
1.4.5.5. Objective lens
1.4.5.6. Sample
1.4.5.7. Spectrometer
1.4.5.8. Scatter collector mirror
1.4.5.9. Excitation collector mirror
1.4.6. Effects
1.4.6.1. Dipole
1.4.6.1.1. Induced proportional to field and polarizability
1.4.6.2. Polarizability
1.4.6.2.1. Symmetric Stretch
1.4.6.2.2. Bending
1.4.6.2.3. Asymmetric Stretch
1.4.7. Types
1.4.7.1. SERS
1.4.7.1.1. Single molecule detection
1.4.7.1.2. 10^10 to 10^11 enhancement
1.4.7.1.3. Excitation of localized surface plasmons
1.4.7.1.4. Selection changes due to symmetry
1.4.7.2. TERS
1.4.7.2.1. SECM
1.4.7.2.2. AFM
1.4.7.2.3. STM
2. Atomic Spectroscropy
2.1. Atomic Absorption
2.1.1. Spectra Line Broadening
2.1.1.1. Heisenberg
2.1.1.2. Doppler Widening
2.1.1.3. Pressure Broadening
2.1.2. Flame Atomization
2.1.3. Electrothermal Atomization
2.1.4. Absorbance Source
2.1.4.1. HCL
2.1.5. Interferences
2.1.5.1. Formation of Low Volatile compounds
2.1.5.2. Ionization
2.1.5.3. Low Volatility Compounds
2.1.6. Types
2.2. Atomic Emission
2.2.1. ICP
2.2.2. Temperature Effects
2.2.2.1. Sample breaks down to atoms
2.2.2.2. Ground, excited
2.2.2.3. Ionized State
2.3. Atomic Fluorescence
2.4. X-Ray Fluorescence
2.5. AAS vs. AES
2.5.1. AAS
2.5.1.1. One element at a time
2.5.1.2. Higher chance of chemical interference
2.5.1.3. Quantitative
2.5.2. AES
2.5.2.1. Many elements at a time
2.5.2.2. Low susceptibility to chemical interference
2.5.2.3. Qualitative and Quantitative
3. Optical Instrument Components
3.1. Light Source
3.1.1. Deuterium + Hydrogen Lamp
3.1.2. Xenon Arc Lamp
3.1.3. Tungsten Filament Lamp
3.1.4. Laser Diode
3.1.5. LED
3.2. Wavelength Selector
3.2.1. Filters
3.2.2. Transmission Diffraction Grating
3.2.2.1. Monochromator
3.2.3. Resolving Power
3.3. Sample Containers
3.3.1. UV
3.3.1.1. Quartz
3.3.1.2. Fused Silica
3.3.2. Visible
3.3.2.1. Glass
3.3.2.2. Plastic
3.3.3. IR
3.3.3.1. Diamond
3.3.3.2. Salt plate
3.3.4. Flame
3.3.4.1. None
3.4. Detector
3.4.1. Thermal
3.4.2. Photon
3.4.2.1. Vacuum Phototubes
3.4.2.2. PMT
3.4.3. Multichannel Devices
3.4.3.1. Photodiode Array
3.4.3.2. Charge Transfer Device
3.4.3.2.1. CID
3.4.3.2.2. CCD