1. Molecular Spectroscopy
1.1. Basics
1.1.1. Present in both the ultraviolet and visible spectral regions and is used for the quantitative determination of large inorganic, organic, and biological species.
1.2. UV-Vis Molecular Absorption Spectrometry
1.2.1. The use of Beer's Law
1.2.1.1. log(P0/P)=ϵbc
1.2.2. Signal to Noise ratio is significant when it comes to spectrophotometric analyses.
1.2.3. Instrumental Components: source, wavelength selector, sample container, radiation transducer, and a signal processors and readout devices.
1.3. Molecular Luminescence Spectrometry
1.3.1. Molecular fluorescence, phosphorescence, and chemiluminescence are types of optical methods related to it.
1.3.2. Excited states are used to help analyze the samples, used for singlet and triplet excited states.
1.3.3. Used for lower limits of detection rather than absorption-based spectrophotometric measurements.
1.4. Infrared Spectrometry
1.4.1. Along the y-axis there is a linear transmittance of modern computer-based skills that are able to produce a spectra that is linear in absorbance.
1.4.2. Vibrations having a significant affect on the degrees of freedom composed in an IR Spectrum.
1.4.3. Applied to the qualitative and quantitative determination of molecular species of all types.
1.5. Raman Spectroscopy
1.5.1. This method is used by irradiating a sample with a nearly monochromatic laser source in the visible or near-IR spectral region.
1.5.2. This method is analyzed using the wave model of Raman and Rayleigh Scattering.
1.6. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
1.6.1. Also known as NMR, this type of spectroscopy is based on measurement of absorption of electromagnetic radiation in the radio-frequency region.
1.6.2. Two types of spectrometers are created: wide-line spectrometers and high-resolution spectrometers.
1.7. Molecular Mass Spectrometry
1.7.1. This is able to provide information about the elemental composition of samples of matter; the structures of inorganic, organic, and biological molecules; the qualitative and quantitative composition of complex mixtures; the structure and composition of solid surfaces; and isotopic ratios of atoms in samples.
1.8. Characteristics of Spectroscopy and Microscopy
1.8.1. A surface is defined as the boundary layer between a solid, or sometimes a liquid, and a vacuum of gas, or a liquid.
2. Spectroscopy is a term used for the science of the interactions of radiation with matter; typically between electromagnetic radiation and matter.
3. Atomic Spectroscopy
3.1. Basics
3.1.1. Wave Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation- a plane-polarized wave is formed while using these methods and it oscillates on either the electric or the magnetic field lie in a single plane.
3.1.2. Quantum-Mechanical Properties of Radiation- electromagnetic radiation is used to treat s stream of discrete particles called photons or quanta; not in wave form.
3.1.3. Quantitative Aspects of Spectrochemical Measurements- Energy is measured through a bean of energy of radiation that reaches a given area per second.
3.2. Optical Instruments
3.2.1. Methods: absorption, fluorescence, phosphorescence, scattering, emission, and chemiluminescence.
3.2.2. Contains a source, wavelength selector, sample containers, radiation transducers, and signal processors and readouts.
3.2.3. A spectroscope, colorimeter, photometer, and fluorometers can be used in forms of optical instrument.
3.3. Optical Spectroscopy
3.3.1. Three different methods that are presented with samples of matter to determine their concentrations, optical spectrometry, mass spectrometry, and X-ray spectrometry.
3.3.2. Energy Level diagrams are used to help determine ionization energies.
3.3.3. Sample-introduction methods vary depending on what form the samples are in and determines how they are analyzed.
3.4. Atomic Absorption and Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry
3.4.1. AAS is the method used for the determination of single elements in analytical samples.
3.4.2. AFS is not as popular as AAS, but is able to create a more in depth analysis of the sample.
3.5. Atomic Emission Spectrometry
3.5.1. Also know as AES, this method is used to convert the components of samples to atoms or elementary ions and excite a fraction of of these species to higher electronic states.
3.6. Atomic Mass Spectrometry
3.6.1. A versatile and and widely used tool for identifying the elements present in samples of matter and for determining their concentrations.
3.7. Atomic X-Ray Spectrometry
3.7.1. This technique is very similar to optical spectroscopy and is based on measurement of emission, and diffraction of electromagnetic radiation.