1. Trophoblast (outermost layer of cells) divide into two parts - syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast
2. Foetus gets nourishment from the mother through the placenta
3. Inserted into the uterus, which prevents implantation of the fertilised egg in the uterus
4. Sterilisation
4.1. Ligation (Females)
4.1.1. Tie and cut Fallopian tubes
4.2. Vasectomy (Males)
4.2.1. Tie and cut the sperm duct
4.3. A person's ability to reproduce is permanently removed, and this process is irreversible
5. Reproductive organs
5.1. Male
5.1.1. Testis
5.1.1.1. Produces Sperms
5.1.1.2. Produces testosterone stimulating male secondary sexual characteristics and spermatogenesis
5.1.2. Scrotum
5.1.2.1. Keep the testis and the penis out of the body to provide optimal temperature for development of sperms
5.1.3. Epididymis
5.1.3.1. Where sperms produced by the testis are stored before ejaculation
5.1.4. Urethra
5.1.4.1. Tube which carriers both sperm and urine out of the body
5.1.5. Sex Glands
5.1.5.1. Releases fluid that nourishes and protects the sperms, and forms semen
5.1.6. Sperm Duct
5.1.6.1. Tube that carriers sperms from the epididymis to the urethra
5.2. Female
5.2.1. Ovary
5.2.1.1. Produces ova
5.2.1.2. Produce sex hormones like estrogen which causes development of secondary female sex characteristics and maturation of eggs
5.2.1.3. Also produces progesterone which stimulates development of uterine lining and formation of placenta
5.2.2. Fallopian tube
5.2.2.1. Carries ovum to uterus, and has cilia to sweep ovum to the urerus
5.2.3. Vagina
5.2.3.1. Site where sperms are deposited during sexual intercourse
5.2.4. Cervix
5.2.4.1. Neck of the uterus which widens during child birth
5.2.5. Uterus
5.2.5.1. Structure whereby the fertilised ovum is implanted in, and also where ovum is developed into zygote and foetus during pregnancy
5.3. Production of sex hormones controlled by follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
5.3.1. Female
5.3.1.1. LH causes egg to undergo meiosis I, a surge of LH triggers ovulation. Also turns the follicle into corpus luteum, which produces progesterone and estrogen, which stimulates development of uterine lining
5.3.1.1.1. FSH stimulates ovum production by stimulating the development of the follicles in the ovaries and also forms granulosa cells which produce estrogen
5.3.1.1.2. High progesterone levels result in negative feedback effect: GnRH is inhibited, LH decreases
5.3.1.1.3. Corpus Luteum lasts for 14 days, after which no more hormones are produced, thus the uterine lining cannot be maintained and is thus discharged.
5.3.2. Male
5.3.2.1. High testosterone levels result in negative feedback effect: GnRH in the hypothalamus is inhibited, LH decreases
5.3.2.2. LH stimulates the interstitial cells in the testes, increasing production of testosterone
5.3.2.3. FSH stimulates the productivity of the sertoli cells in the testes and increases spermatogenesis
5.3.2.3.1. High FSH levels result in production of inhibin by sertoli cells, which sent negative feedback to the hypothalamus
6. New node
7. Fertilisation
7.1. Excitement phase- Penis gets erect after sexual stimulation by various means
7.2. Plateau phase- Increased heartbeat and breathing rate, increase muscle tension and increased sexual stimulation
7.3. Orgasmic Phase- Semen is ejaculated, following by the sperms swimming up the Fallopian tube. Involuntary muscle contractions present. Waves of pleasure form.
7.4. Sperm meets the ovum in the Fallopian tube and fertilisation occurs
7.4.1. After going past the corona radiata, acrosomal enzymes are released by the sperms to dissolve the zona pellucida.
7.4.2. A impermeable membrane forms around the egg once a sperm has entered it to prevent multiple fertilization
7.4.3. Nuclei of sperm and ovum fuse together
7.4.4. Fertilised egg is called the zygote
7.4.5. Passes along the Fallopian tube to the uterus
7.4.6. Cleavage occurs- Zygote divides repeatedly to form 8-cell zygote
7.4.7. Compactation occurs. The zygote is now 32-celled and consists of cells called blastomeres
7.4.8. Cavitation occurs, where a fluid-filled cavity forms in the blastocyst.
7.4.8.1. Zona pellucida starts to degenerate
7.4.9. Blastula stage is reached after 4-6 days, lasts until implantation.
7.4.10. Embryo gets implanted in the thick uterine lining, undergoes differentiation to form a foetus
8. Birth control
8.1. Preventing fertilisation
8.1.1. Condom
8.1.1.1. Worn over the erected penis
8.1.1.2. Barriers the eggs and sperms
8.1.2. Diaphragm
8.1.2.1. Placed over the cervix
8.1.2.2. Barriers the spemrs and eggs
8.1.3. Spermicide
8.1.3.1. Kills sperms
8.2. Preventing ovulation
8.2.1. Contraceptive pills
8.2.1.1. Contains synthetic female sex hormones
8.2.1.2. Suppresses the development and release of the eggs
8.3. Preventing the development of a fertilised egg
8.3.1. Intra-uterine device
8.4. Ovum which contains mother's DNA
9. Heredity
9.1. The transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to offspring
9.1.1. Sperm which contains father's DNA
9.1.2. Zygote contains mixture of father and mother's DNA
10. Non-menstruating periods of a woman's life
10.1. Temporary
10.1.1. When a woman is pregnant, menstruation stops but thick uterine wall still stays to support and protect the developing foetus
10.2. Permanent
10.2.1. Menopause- Happens at around 50 years of age
11. Weakening and damage of the cervix and uterus
12. Day 1-5 of the cycle
13. Hips widen and become rounder
14. The deliberate termination of a pregnancy
15. Sexually transmitted infections
15.1. Caused by viruses and micro-organisms
15.2. Transmitted by:
15.2.1. Skin to skin contact
15.2.2. Contact with bodily fluids (e.g. blood, semen, etc)
15.2.3. From infected mother to foetus
15.3. Different infections
15.3.1. Gonorhea
15.3.1.1. Caused by sperical bateria
15.3.1.2. Transmitted through
15.3.1.2.1. Sexual intercourse
15.3.1.2.2. Mother to baby through childbirth
15.3.1.3. Symptoms
15.3.1.3.1. Painful sensation during urination
15.3.1.3.2. Discharge of pus from the penis or vagina
15.3.1.3.3. Infection of urethra of Fallopian tubes causing infertility
15.3.1.3.4. Newborn may be blind
15.3.1.4. Can be treated with anti-biotics
15.3.2. Syphilis
15.3.2.1. Caused by spiral bacteria
15.3.2.2. Transmitted through
15.3.2.2.1. Sexual intercourse
15.3.2.2.2. Mother to foetus during pregnancy
15.3.2.3. Symptoms
15.3.2.3.1. Painless sores on penis,vagina,cervix,mouth
15.3.2.3.2. Non-itchy skin rash
15.3.2.3.3. Deformed joints
15.3.2.3.4. Paralysis
15.3.2.3.5. Foetus infected by mother may be deaf, or have abnormal teeth and bone
15.3.2.3.6. Can be treated with antibiotics at early stages
15.3.3. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
15.3.3.1. Caused by Humans Immunodeficiency Virus
15.3.3.2. Transmitted through
15.3.3.2.1. Sharing of injection needles with infected people
15.3.3.2.2. Blood transfusion
15.3.3.2.3. Infected mother to child during pregnancy or childbirth
15.3.3.3. Symptoms/effects
15.3.3.3.1. HIV attacks white blood cells, therefore the immune system of the person is reduced
15.3.3.3.2. Other infections and cancers will affect the person
15.3.3.4. Currently no cure
16. Puberty
16.1. Testis and penis increase in size
16.2. Male
16.2.1. Become muscular and shoulders broaden
16.2.2. Height rapidly increases
16.2.3. Reproductive system becomes active
16.2.4. Ejaculation starts
16.2.5. Hair grows on face, chest, pubic areas
16.3. Female
16.3.1. Ovaries and vagina increase in size
16.3.2. Menstruation occurs
16.3.2.1. Hair grows on face, pubic areas
16.3.3. Height rapidly increases
16.3.4. Reproductive system becomes active
16.3.5. Breast develop
17. Abortion
17.1. Use surgical procedure to remove the developing embryo or foetus from the mother's uterus
17.2. Complications may arise
17.2.1. Heavy bleeding due to accidental puncturing of the uterus
17.2.2. Infections of the uterus or Fallopian tube can cause infertility
17.2.3. Emotional problems of the mother
18. Menstrual Cycle
18.1. Menstruation
18.1.1. Perforation of other organs
18.1.2. Uterine lining, unfertilised egg and blood are shed with the help of muscular contractions of the uteris
18.1.3. Contractions cause cramps
18.1.4. Causes physical, emotional, and social issues if pregnancy is unwanted
18.1.5. A mature ovum is released from an ovary
18.2. Thickening of uterine lining
18.2.1. Sexual intercourse
18.3. Ovulation
18.3.1. To prepare for implantation, the lining thickens and becomes spongy, and full of capillaries
18.3.2. Day 14-16 of the cycle
18.3.3. Considered the most fertile period