1. Genomic Technologies
1.1. High-density SNP array
1.2. Next-generation sequencing (NGS)
1.3. Whole exome sequencing (WES)
1.4. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS)
2. Gene Expression
2.1. Instructions in DNA are converted to final product (protein)
2.2. Tightly regulated process
2.3. Responds to changing environment
2.4. Acts as on/off switch to control protein creation and volume control
2.4.1. two key steps: transcription and translation
2.4.2. Five histone proteins
2.4.2.1. H1, H2A, H3, and H4
2.4.2.1.1. Methylation
2.4.2.1.2. Acetylation
2.4.2.1.3. Phosphorylation
2.4.2.1.4. Ubiquitylation
2.4.2.1.5. Sumoylation
3. Mutations
3.1. Germ-line mutation
3.1.1. Passed to next generation
3.2. Somatic mutation
3.2.1. after fertilization and only affect daughter cells of originating cell
4. Phenotypes & Genotypes
4.1. Phenotypes: appearance of an organism
4.1.1. Brown hair, Blue eyes
4.2. Genotype: set of alleles that an organism possesses
4.2.1. BB, Bb, bb
4.2.1.1. Additive
4.2.1.2. Dominant
4.2.1.3. Recessive
4.2.1.4. Over dominant
5. Variation
5.1. Important for survival of a species
5.1.1. Continuous Variation
5.1.1.1. Example: height & weight
5.1.1.1.1. any height or weight is possible between specific values
5.1.1.2. Multiple genes can control variation
5.1.1.3. Changes gradually over range of values
5.1.2. Discrete Variation
5.1.2.1. Variation that can be groups
5.1.2.2. Example: Blue eyes, red hair
5.1.2.3. Single gene controls variation