1. Coordinating Conjunctions
1.1. Coordinating conjuctions uses the conjunctions,such as : "and", "but","or","nor"
1.2. Parallel structure
1.2.1. uses conjunction to connect words or phrases that have the same grammatical function function in a sentence
1.2.2. With commas : When "and" connects three or more parts of a parallel structure
1.2.3. Without commas : When connects two parts of a parallel structure
1.3. Paired conjuctions : both...and; not only...but also; either...or; neither...nor.
1.3.1. The subject closer to the verb determines whether the verb is singular or plural
1.4. Separating independent clauses with periods
1.4.1. We can put period to divide two complete sentences
1.5. Connecting with "and" and "but"
1.5.1. Often used to connect two independent sentences, and can put comma between them
2. Adverb Clauses
2.1. Used to show
2.1.1. Time relationships
2.1.1.1. after >< before
2.1.1.2. when : at the time
2.1.1.3. while.,as : during the time
2.1.1.4. by the time : one event is completed before another event
2.1.1.5. since: from that time to the present
2.1.1.6. until,till : to that time, then no longer
2.1.1.7. as soon as, once : when one event happens, another event happens soon afterward
2.1.1.8. as long as, so long as : during all that time,from beginning to end
2.1.1.9. whenever: everytime
2.1.1.10. the first/last/second/...
2.1.2. Cause and Effect
2.1.2.1. Either precedes or follow the independent clause
2.1.2.2. Now that/ Since
2.2. Expressing
2.2.1. Contrast ( unexpected result) "even though"
2.2.1.1. Expresses unexpected results
2.2.1.2. Introduce an adverb clause
2.2.2. Conditions
2.2.2.1. "If"-clause
2.2.2.1.1. Presents possible conditions
2.2.2.2. "whether or not" and "even if"
2.2.2.2.1. Expresses the idea that neither this condition nor that condition matters, the result with be the sam
2.2.2.3. "in case"
2.2.2.3.1. Expresses the idea that something probably won't happen, but it might.
2.2.2.4. "unless"
2.2.2.4.1. It is considered as " If...not"
2.2.2.5. "Only if"
2.2.2.5.1. Expresses the idea that there is only one condition that will cause a particular result
2.3. Showing direct contrast "while"
2.3.1. The first clause is compared to the second clause. We have "while" to express the contrary between them
2.4. Shortened "If"- clause
2.4.1. When an "If -clause"refers to the idea in the sentence immediately before it, it could be shortened
3. Reduction of adverb clauses to modifying adverbial phrases
3.1. Changing time clauses
3.1.1. Adverb clauses beginning with " after, before, while, since " can be changed to modifying adverbial phrases
3.2. Expressing
3.2.1. The idea of " during the same time"
3.2.1.1. "while" is omitted, the "-ing " phrase at the beginning of the sentence gives the same meaning
3.2.2. Cause and effect
3.2.2.1. "-ing" phrase at the beginning of a sentence often gives meaning of "because"
3.2.2.2. "Having + past participle" gives the meanings of either " because" or "before"
3.2.2.3. A form of "be" in the adverb clause may be changed to "being"
3.3. Using "upon + -ing"
3.3.1. Have the same meaning as adverb clauses introduced by "when"
3.3.2. Can be shortened to "on"
4. Noun Clauses
4.1. Beginning with IF/Whether
4.1.1. Introducing a yes/no which is turned to a noun clause
4.2. Beginning with a question word : How/Where/When/What/Who/Whom/Whose
4.2.1. Do not use question word order in a noun clause because the subject goes before the verb in noun clause
4.2.2. Especially with "who",the word order could be the same both question and noun clause
4.2.3. Can be a subject of the sentence
4.3. Question word followed by infinitives
4.3.1. The meaning expressed by the infinitives is either "should" or "could/can"
4.4. Beginning with that
4.4.1. Can be used as a object of a verb
4.4.2. When the subject refers to a person( persons), that-clause, that- clause come after adjective of a person mentioned
4.5. Quoted Speech ( ID)
4.5.1. reproducing words exacctly as they were originally spoken
4.5.2. The words reproduced is put in a quotation marks
4.6. Reported Speech (D)
4.6.1. Reporting what someone has said
4.6.2. The reporting verb determines the verb of the noun clause
4.6.3. An imperative sentence is changed to an infinitives
4.6.4. The content of the noun clause decide the noun clause verb in reporting sentence
4.7. -Ever words
4.7.1. give the idea of "any"
5. Adjective Clauses
5.1. Adjective clauses Pronouns
5.1.1. Used as the subject
5.1.1.1. to modify a noun
5.1.2. Used as the object of a verb
5.1.2.1. stands at the beginning of the clause
5.1.3. Used as the object of preposition
5.1.3.1. The preposition can come at the beginning of the adjective clause, then ''whom'' and "which" may be used
5.1.3.2. The prepostion follows the subject and the verb of the adjective clause
5.2. Contain Whose/Where/When
5.2.1. Whose to show possesion of someone or things
5.2.2. Where to modify a place
5.2.3. When to modify a noun of time
5.3. Modify pronouns
5.3.1. Modify indefinite pronouns
5.4. Punctuating adjective clauses
5.4.1. Do not use commas if the adjective clause is necessary to identify the noun it modifies
5.4.2. Use commas if the adjective clause simply give additional and is not necessary to identify the noun it modifies
5.5. Expression of quantity
5.5.1. Precedes the pronoun, you have to use commas
5.6. Use "Which" to modify a whole sentence
5.6.1. Refer to the idea of a whole sentences which is the first sentence
5.7. Reducing adjective clause to adjective phrase
5.7.1. Adjective phrase modifies a noun, it does not include a subject and a verb
6. Connectives that express cause and effect, contrast and condition
6.1. Using
6.1.1. "Because of" and "Due to"
6.1.1.1. Are phrasal prepositions
6.1.1.2. Precede a noun object
6.1.1.3. "Due to" is sometimes followed by " the fact that"
6.1.1.4. Can come after the main clause
6.1.2. "Therefore","Consequently","So"
6.1.2.1. Mean " as a result "
6.1.2.2. Occurs in the second of two related sentences
6.2. Expressing
6.2.1. Cause and effect with"such...that","so...that"
6.2.1.1. are placed before a modified noun to intensify the quality of the modifier
6.2.1.2. Expresses a remarkable situation
6.2.2. Purpose with "so that"
6.2.2.1. Expresses a purpose like "in order to"
6.2.3. Conditions by using "otherwise" and "or (else)"
6.2.3.1. Expresses " if the opposite is true, then there will be a certain result "
6.3. Summary
6.3.1. Of patterns and punctuation
6.3.1.1. Use the comma before the main verb
6.3.1.1.1. ADVERB CLAUSES: If the adverb clause comes first
6.3.1.1.2. PREPOSITIONS: If the prepostional phrase precedes the subject and verb of the independent clause
6.3.1.2. Transitions
6.3.1.2.1. A period goes between the two independent clauses
6.3.1.2.2. Commas are usually used to set the transition of from the rest of sentence
6.3.1.3. Conjunctions
6.3.1.3.1. Commas is usually used in front of a conjuction
6.3.1.3.2. Comes between two independent clauses
6.3.2. Of connectives
6.3.2.1. Adverb clause words
6.3.2.1.1. Cause and Effect
6.3.2.1.2. Contrast
6.3.2.1.3. Condition
6.3.2.2. Transitions
6.3.2.2.1. Cause and Effect
6.3.2.2.2. Contrast
6.3.2.2.3. Condition
6.3.2.3. Conjunctions
6.3.2.3.1. Cause and Effect
6.3.2.3.2. Contrast
6.3.2.3.3. Condition
6.3.2.4. Prepositions
6.3.2.4.1. Cause and Effect
6.3.2.4.2. Contrast
7. Noun Clauses
7.1. In "yes/no" question
7.1.1. Use If/Whether
7.1.1.1. "Has she attended the conference ?", He asked
7.1.1.1.1. I do not care if/whether she has attended the conference
7.1.1.2. with "or not"
7.1.1.2.1. I keep questioning myself If/Whether I try hard enough or not.
7.1.1.2.2. I wonder whether or not I try hard enough
7.1.1.3. In subject position
7.1.1.3.1. Whether she went to school yesterday seems mystery to me.
7.2. With question word
7.2.1. as an object
7.2.1.1. I don't have any idea where she lives
7.2.2. as an subject
7.2.2.1. Where she lives is not in my corcern
7.2.3. with "who"
7.2.3.1. You don't even care who has tidied up this room for you
7.3. Followed by Infinitives
7.3.1. "I do not know which place I should go", she responsed.
7.3.1.1. She don't know where to go
7.4. Beginning with that
7.4.1. Verb + That -Clause
7.4.1.1. I noticed (that) you had gone into my bedroom last night
7.4.2. Person+be+Adj+That-Clause
7.4.2.1. We're honored that you pay a visit to our country
7.4.3. It + be +Adj + That - Clause
7.4.3.1. It is very obvious that Lina has a crush on David
7.4.4. That-Clause used as a subject
7.4.4.1. It's a fact/The fact ( that ) Your skin turns darker than last met.
7.4.4.2. That your skin turns darker after last mest is absolutely seenfully
7.5. Quoted Speech
7.5.1. "He have been watching a horror movie for 2 hours", said she/she said.
7.5.2. She announced : "I have been expecting for you "
7.5.3. " My emotion", he said/said he,"was unstable since that day"
7.6. Reported Speech : She said (that) he had been watching a horror movie for 2 hours
7.7. Using "-ever"
7.7.1. Whatever/Whenever/However/Wherever/Whoever
7.7.1.1. As a Subject
7.7.1.1.1. Whoever takes this land from us is going to pay for their sins
7.7.1.1.2. Whever he goes I will hunt his tracks
7.7.1.2. As a Object
7.7.1.2.1. I have my own credit card now so that I could afford whatever I wish
7.7.1.2.2. You can not believe however she is going to dress to this night ceremony
7.7.1.2.3. I miss my hometown whenever I have a work travel