1. MCROBIO 233: General Microbiology Olive-Harvey College (Spring 2022) Weeks 14-15
2. @ChicagoProf
3. anabolic chemical reactions (building or synthesis)
3.1. require a net input of ATP (ATP comes from glucose catabolism, see above)
3.2. require many enzymes to run the chemistry at the speed of life
3.3. dehydration synthesis reactions (water is removed from reacting monomers and comes out as a product; the other product is the polymer/macromolecule)
3.3.1. synthesis of RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)
3.3.1.1. "transcription" which requires
3.3.1.1.1. free RNA nucleotides
3.3.1.1.2. DNA as a template
3.3.1.1.3. ATP
3.3.1.1.4. enzymes
3.3.2. synthesis of protein
3.3.2.1. "translation" which requires
3.3.2.1.1. free amino acids
3.3.2.1.2. mRNA
3.3.2.1.3. ribosomes (combination of rRNA and enzyme)
3.3.2.1.4. tRNA
3.3.2.1.5. ATP
3.3.2.1.6. enzymes
3.3.3. synthesis of lipids, which requires
3.3.3.1. free fatty acids and glycerol
3.3.3.2. ATP
3.3.3.3. enzymes
3.3.4. synthesis of carbohydrates (oligosaccharides and polysaccharides)
3.3.4.1. free sugars/monosaccharides and disaccharides
3.3.5. synthesis of DNA during preparation for cell division
3.3.5.1. "replication"
4. catabolic chemical reactions (breakdown or degradation)
4.1. require many enzymes to run the chemistry at the speed of life
4.1.1. enzymes are specialized proteins, products of translation (see anabolic reactions, below)
4.2. ATP production, starting with breakdown of sugar (glucose)
4.2.1. main reactions types are oxidation and reduction; phosphorylation and dephosphorylation)
4.2.1.1. respiration pathway
4.2.1.1.1. aerobic respiration
4.2.1.1.2. anaerobic respiration
4.2.1.2. fermentation pathway
4.2.1.2.1. acidic fermentation
4.2.1.2.2. alcoholic fermentation
4.3. "recycling"
4.3.1. hydrolysis reactions (water is used to split apart polymers into monomers)
4.3.1.1. breakdown of RNA
4.3.1.1.1. produces free nucleotides (ACUG)
4.3.1.2. breakdown of protein
4.3.1.2.1. produces free amino acids
4.3.1.3. breakdown of lipids
4.3.1.3.1. produces free fatty acids (in the case of lipids that contain fatty acids, not all lipids do)
4.3.1.4. breakdown of carbohydrates
4.3.1.4.1. produces free sugars (monosaccharides)