1. Social
1.1. Socio-cultural theory 85-now
1.1.1. Vygotsky, Luria, Lantolf
1.1.2. Interaction as cause of learning. Social process
1.1.3. scaffolding
1.2. Zone of proximal development
1.2.1. Vygotsky
1.2.2. domain where learning can best take place. Not yet capable on own, but with scaffolding can learn.
1.3. Activity theory 60s 70s
1.3.1. Vygotsky, Leont'ev, Luria
1.3.2. Through activities in groups,teams=skill development
1.4. Ethnography of Communication 60s-70s
1.4.1. Hymes
1.4.2. Characteristics of speech events (telephone conversations, class lesson, business transaction,etc) studied. Appropriate interaction in events=communicative competence
1.5. Halliday's negotiation of meaning principle 80s
1.5.1. Halliday, Long, Gass
1.5.2. All communications a negotiation process-thru clarification, confirmation, recast, repetition, feedback.
1.6. Accommodation Theory 70s-80s
1.6.1. Giles, Taylor, Bourhis
1.6.2. The more effort speaker makes to accommodate listener, more effort listener makes to accommodate speaker.
1.7. Tarone's Approach 80s
1.7.1. Tarone
1.7.2. formal (careful) style vs. informal (vernacular)
1.8. Ellis's Approach or Variable Competence Model 80-90s
1.8.1. Ellis, Tarone, Widdowson
1.8.2. Variable nature of linguistic output and relation to discourse process. Primary process=unplanned discourse, secondary=planned
1.9. Acculturation Theory 78-now
1.9.1. Schumann, Phinney, Berry
1.9.2. Language acquisition related to adaptation to L2 culture. Affected by attitudes, social and psych factors