1. 6Consumer behaviour
1.1. Cultural
1.1.1. Values, customs, perceptions, wants, and behaviours learned from society
1.2. Social
1.2.1. Reference groups
1.2.2. Influence depends on
1.2.2.1. confidence about your choice in the product
1.2.2.2. commitment to the group
1.2.2.3. how knowledgable and experienced we are with the product or service
1.2.2.4. how credible, attractive, and powerful is the reference group?
1.2.2.5. is the product conspicuous or not?
1.2.2.6. necessity or a luxury
1.2.3. Family
1.2.3.1. Roles, activities that others expect from us
1.2.3.2. Status, what esteem we are granted in society
1.3. Personal
1.3.1. age and lifecycle stage
1.3.2. Lifestyle
1.3.2.1. Psychographics, meausres lifestyles and develops lifestyle classifications
1.3.2.2. VALS - how people spend time and money
1.3.3. Occupation
1.3.4. Economic situation
1.3.5. Personality and self concept
1.3.5.1. self concept
1.3.5.1.1. real vs ideal self
1.3.5.1.2. extended self
1.3.5.1.3. altered self
1.3.5.1.4. one or multiple selves
1.4. Psychological
1.4.1. Maslow
1.4.1.1. Self actualization
1.4.1.2. Esteem
1.4.1.3. Emotional
1.4.1.4. Safety
1.4.1.5. Physiological
1.4.2. Perception
1.4.2.1. Process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting information to form a meaningful picture of the world.
1.4.2.2. Input data from the five senses
1.4.2.3. Barriers
1.4.2.3.1. Selective attention
1.4.2.3.2. Selective distortion
1.4.2.3.3. Selective retention
1.4.3. Influence
1.4.3.1. Learning
1.4.3.1.1. changes in behaviour that arise from experience
1.4.3.2. Subliminal perception
1.4.3.2.1. below the level of awareness, research suggests it has little or no effect
1.4.3.3. Attitudes
1.4.3.3.1. relatively consistent evaluations, feelings, and tendencies toward objects or ideas
1.4.3.4. Belief
1.4.3.4.1. descriptive thought about object or idea
1.4.4. Consumer decision process
1.4.4.1. needs recognition
1.4.4.1.1. gap between actual state and ideal state
1.4.4.2. information search
1.4.4.2.1. internal search
1.4.4.2.2. External search
1.4.4.3. evaluation of alternatives
1.4.4.3.1. low effort decision
1.4.4.4. purchase decision
1.4.4.4.1. intention to purchase vs actual purchase
1.4.4.5. postpurchase behaviour
1.4.4.5.1. cognitive dissonance, regret, satisfaction or dissatisfaction, compalints
1.4.5. Business buyer behaviour
1.4.5.1. Differences
1.4.5.1.1. fewer larger buyers, geographic concentration of buyers, complex decisions, more people, more professional and formal
1.4.5.2. Influences
1.4.5.2.1. external/environment
1.4.5.2.2. internal/org factors
1.4.5.2.3. individual factors
1.4.5.2.4. types of buy
1.4.5.3. buying process
1.4.5.3.1. problem (need) recognition
1.4.5.3.2. general need description
1.4.5.3.3. product specification
1.4.5.3.4. supplier search
1.4.5.3.5. proposal solicitation
1.4.5.3.6. supplier selection
1.4.5.3.7. order routine specification
1.4.5.3.8. performance review
2. 7) Segmentation
2.1. Segmentation
2.2. Targeting
2.3. Positioning
3. 8) Product
3.1. experience economy
3.1.1. technology
3.1.2. rising affluence
3.1.3. individuals value experience
3.1.4. elements
3.1.4.1. guest is interacting and engaged
3.1.4.2. the experience is memorable, personal and revealed over time
3.1.4.3. captures the hearts and dollars of the guest
3.1.5. staging
3.1.5.1. embedding goods in an experiential brand
3.1.5.2. sensorializing goods
3.1.5.3. making goods scarce
3.1.5.4. forming goods clubs
3.1.5.5. goods events
3.2. Levels of goods and services
3.2.1. core benefit
3.2.2. actual product
3.2.3. augmented product
3.3. new product development strategy
3.3.1. 1. idea generation
3.3.1.1. internal sources, licensing, customers, lead suers, competitors, distributors and suppliers
3.3.2. 2. screening
3.3.2.1. product uniqueness
3.3.2.2. fit with company resources and capabilities
3.3.2.3. fit with current offerings
3.3.2.4. fit with company resources
3.3.2.5. availability of raw materials
3.3.3. 3. concept development
3.3.3.1. product concept
3.3.3.2. interviews, surveys, focus groups
3.3.3.3. customer use and provide feedback
3.3.4. 4. marketing strategy development
3.3.4.1. long term marketing objectives
3.3.4.2. Target market and position
3.3.4.3. Marketing mix elements
3.3.5. 5. business analysis
3.3.5.1. projected costs and sales
3.3.5.2. depends on market potential, growth rate, and estimated market share
3.3.6. 6. product development and testing
3.3.6.1. prototype
3.3.6.2. marketing, r&d, and engineering work together
3.3.6.3. Collect consumer feedback to alternative designs
3.3.7. 7. test marketing
3.3.7.1. product and marketing program launched in select cities or areas
3.3.7.2. premarket tests
3.3.7.3. standard test markets
3.3.7.4. controlled test markets
3.3.7.5. simulated test markets
3.3.8. 8. commercialization
3.3.8.1. Rolling out
3.3.8.1.1. Timing
3.3.8.1.2. location
3.3.8.1.3. price
3.3.8.1.4. promotion
3.3.8.1.5. evaluation
4. Price
4.1. price floor
4.1.1. the lowest price we would want to charge our customers
4.2. price ceiling
4.2.1. the highest price we would want to charge our custoemrs
4.3. Value based pricing
4.3.1. good value pricing
4.3.1.1. just the right combo of quality and service with price
4.3.2. value added pricing
4.3.2.1. add features and values to differentiate and thus charge higher price
4.3.2.1.1. BMW, luxury, leather seats, high quality, high performance.
4.4. competition based pricing
4.4.1. strategies
4.4.2. cost and prices
4.4.3. reactions to pricing moves
4.4.4. market offerings
4.4.5. going rate and sealed bid pricing
5. Pricing factors
5.1. internal factors
5.1.1. marketing objectives
5.1.2. marketing mix strategy
5.1.3. costs
5.1.4. organizational considerations
5.2. external factors
5.2.1. the market and demand
5.2.1.1. pure competition vs monopoly vs oligopoly
5.2.2. the economy
5.2.3. other external factors
5.3. competition
5.4. demand
5.4.1. prestige product demand
5.4.2. price elasticity of demand
5.5. New product pricing strategies
5.5.1. market skimming pricing
5.5.1.1. skim all possible revenue and eventually lower price over time.
5.5.1.2. Enters with a high price, goes down over time
5.5.1.3. Small portion of market willing to pay for novelty at first
5.5.1.4. Don't want competitors to undercut you immediately
5.5.2. market penetration pricing
5.5.2.1. Lower pricing (New product special pricing). Or lower long term price.
5.5.2.2. Harder to raise price over time
5.5.2.3. building up market share, lots of sales quickly.
5.5.2.4. consumers are price sensitive, will not respond well to price increases.
5.5.2.5. deters competition from entering market
5.6. product mix pricing
5.6.1. product line pricing
5.6.1.1. suits, premium line, value line
5.6.2. optional product pricing
5.6.2.1. a/c, leather, sunroof
5.6.3. captive product pricing
5.6.3.1. razors, replacement blades, brita filters, printer ink
5.6.4. by-product pricing
5.6.4.1. corn - syrup, feed, etc
5.6.4.2. agriculture byproducts
5.6.5. bundling products
5.6.5.1. sasktel, tv, phone, internet
5.7. price adjustment strategies
5.7.1. discount and allowance
5.7.1.1. allowance - retailer showcasing your product
5.7.2. psychological
5.7.2.1. how do consumers perceive stuff. leftmost digit, $19.99. prestige, paying more so it must be better.
5.7.2.2. reference products
5.7.2.2.1. price between similar items on the shelf
5.7.2.3. MSRP:
5.7.2.3.1. winners
5.7.3. promo pricing
5.7.3.1. discount, BOGO, below cost
5.7.4. geographic pricing
5.7.4.1. different prices for different regions
5.7.5. dynamic
5.7.5.1. prices change often
5.7.5.2. gas
5.7.5.3. airlines
5.7.5.3.1. travel
5.7.6. international pricing
5.7.6.1. overseas vs at home
5.8. Price changes
5.8.1. cuts
5.8.2. increases
6. Communicating with target audience
6.1. Mar 23
7. 1) Marketing - The process by which companies (and organizations) create value for customers and build strong customer relationships in order to capture value from customers in return.
7.1. Process
7.1.1. 1. Understand customers (needs and wants), company, and environment
7.1.1.1. Needs: Feelings of being deprived, Takes on a number of forms; hunger, wanting to be part of the "in crowd", and individual (ex: desire to succeed as an athlete.
7.1.1.2. Wants: Shaped by culture, described in terms of objects that satisfy wants
7.1.2. 2. Develop marketing strategy
7.1.3. 3. Create value
7.1.4. 4. Build relationships
7.1.5. 5. Capture value
7.2. Exchange
7.2.1. Goods: pots, houses (tangible)
7.2.2. services: Transportation, life insurance (intangible)
7.2.3. Ideas: Religious beliefs, innovative processes
7.2.4. People: Movie stars, politicians
7.2.5. Organizations: Charities, hospitals
7.2.6. Experiences: Ikea, university education
7.3. Value
7.3.1. Customer
7.3.1.1. Fulfills needs/wants
7.3.1.2. Evaluation of benefits minus cost
7.3.1.2.1. tangible (product)
7.3.1.2.2. intangible (branding)
7.3.2. Marketer
7.3.2.1. Sales and profits
7.3.2.2. donations, votes
7.3.2.3. long term customer relationships and equity
7.3.3. Measuring value
7.3.3.1. Share of customer
7.3.3.1.1. percentage of customer's purchases in product category
7.3.3.2. customer lifetime value
7.3.3.2.1. customer loyalty
7.3.3.2.2. customer retention
7.3.3.3. customer equity
7.3.3.3.1. combined customer lifetime value
7.3.3.3.2. forward looking measure of success
7.4. Marketing management orientations
7.4.1. Production concept
7.4.1.1. focus on production and distribution attributes like low cost (economies of scale - walmart)
7.4.1.2. in the industrial revolution and still exists today
7.4.1.3. narrow limiting orientation
7.4.2. Product concept
7.4.2.1. Focus on product attributes (quality, performance, innovation) and continuous improvement
7.4.2.2. focus on product rather than solution or service
7.4.2.3. also a narrow and limiting orientation
7.4.3. Selling concept
7.4.3.1. Focus on convincing consumers to purchase
7.4.3.2. Often people don't seek them out (encyclopedias)
7.4.3.3. Historically perceived as more aggressive orientation
7.4.4. Marketing concept
7.4.4.1. What it is:
7.4.4.1.1. deliver satisfaction (or delight) better than anyone else
7.4.4.1.2. Focus on target markets (under-served) wants and needs
7.4.4.1.3. customer driven orientation
7.4.4.2. Three steps to achieve marketing concept (market orientation)
7.4.4.2.1. intelligence generation: Do research to understand customers and to understand the competition
7.4.4.2.2. intelligence dissemination: ensure everyone in the organization understands the customer and the competition
7.4.4.2.3. Responsiveness: Ensure what you do reflects what you know about customers and competition
7.4.5. Social marketing concept
7.4.5.1. An extension of the marketing concept
7.4.5.2. Philosophy that is also focused on the overall wellbeing of society
7.4.5.3. considers the long term impact of marketing on society and the broader social environment
7.4.5.4. Problem
7.4.5.4.1. how to measure positive social outcomes and efforts? Most balance sheets and income statements don't. Which organizations will survive in the long run?
7.5. Customer relationships
7.5.1. Old view: Data management
7.5.2. New view: Economic, social, and experiential relationships
7.5.3. What brings about relationships between marketers and customers?
7.5.3.1. When customers are satisfied, meeting or exceeding expectations
7.5.3.2. When customers have been delighted: A profoundly positive emotional state generally resulting from having ones expectations exceeded to a surprising degree
7.5.4. How do marketers form relationships?
7.5.4.1. Loyalty programs (economic benefits, think airmiles)
7.5.4.2. Club marketing programs (Social benefits)
7.5.4.3. Structural ties (Functional benefits)
8. 2) Marketing process and strategy
8.1. Organization strategic planning
8.1.1. Mission statement
8.1.1.1. Includes: Core values and purposes, visionary goals
8.1.1.2. Must be: Realistic, specific, distinctive, and motivating
8.1.2. Markets/products and services
8.1.2.1. Current markets
8.1.2.1.1. current product: market penetration; getting current customers to buy more, 2 for 1 deals.
8.1.2.1.2. New product: Product development; New product to current market, the newer, cooler swiffer
8.1.2.2. New markets
8.1.2.2.1. Current product: Market development; coca cola bringing coke to serbia, which has no soft drinks. FINDING NEW BUYERS for your existing product.
8.1.2.2.2. New product: Diversification; creating a new product to enter a market that the company is not currently active in.
8.1.3. Growth (deciding how to grow)
8.1.3.1. SBU (Strategic business unit - or brand, product, portfolio) to invest in?
8.1.3.1.1. Overall cost leadership
8.1.3.1.2. Differentiation
8.1.3.1.3. focus
8.1.3.1.4. operational experience
8.1.3.1.5. product leadership
8.1.3.1.6. customer intimacy
8.1.3.2. Deciding the way which it will grow each product or brand
8.1.3.3. Which countries/markets are viable for expansion?
8.1.3.4. Boston consulting group matrix (BCGM)
8.1.3.4.1. Stars, cash cows, dogs, ???
8.2. Marketing strategic planning
8.2.1. Key:
8.2.1.1. capitalize on strengths
8.2.1.2. exploit opportunities
8.2.1.3. avoid areas of weakness
8.2.1.4. minimize threats
8.2.2. Marketing strategy:
8.2.2.1. 1. Analyze external opportunities and threats as well as internal strengths and weaknesses (SWOT)
8.2.2.2. 2. Define marketing objectives
8.2.2.2.1. Objectives:
8.2.2.3. 3. Segment market and determine target market and positioning
8.2.2.3.1. Segmentation
8.2.2.3.2. Target market
8.2.2.3.3. Market position
8.2.2.4. 4. Design marketing mix
8.2.2.4.1. Product, price, promotion, place
8.2.2.5. 5. Implement and evaluate
8.2.2.5.1. Putting the plan into action
8.2.2.5.2. typically the marketing department
8.2.2.5.3. marketing control to measure and evaluate results for feedback and future planning
9. 3) Ethics and CSR
9.1. Ethics (moral principles and values that guide our actions and decisions)
9.1.1. Evaluating a dilema
9.1.1.1. What are the consequences? Consider the outcomes of the decision and who will be affected. The goal is to maximize society's well being
9.1.1.2. What are our duties and obligations to society? What is known as right and wrong? depends on culture and background
9.1.1.3. The tv test: Can i justify my decision on the 6 o'clock news?
9.2. Marketing ethics (the ethical problems specific to a marketing context)
9.2.1. organizational planning
9.2.1.1. mission statement
9.2.1.2. ethical climate
9.2.1.3. code of ethics
9.2.2. marketing strategic planning
9.2.2.1. objectives?
9.2.2.2. target market?
9.2.3. marketing mix plan
9.2.3.1. advertising
9.2.3.2. product
9.2.3.3. pricing
9.2.3.4. distribution
9.2.4. Implementation and evaluation
9.2.4.1. impact on stakeholders?
9.2.4.2. ethical lapse?
9.3. Social concerns with marketing
9.3.1. Planned obsolescence
9.3.1.1. how long before this new product is obsolete? iphones
9.3.2. deceptive advertising
9.3.3. invasions of privacy and personal space
9.3.3.1. new antispam legislation july 1, 2014
9.3.3.1.1. cannot send messages to recipient without their consent (email, text, cell phone, social networking)
9.3.3.1.2. cannot install pc programs without consent
9.3.3.1.3. cannot collect emails without permission
9.3.4. weblining or redlining
9.3.4.1. "firing" unprofitable customers
9.3.4.2. discrimination by segmentation/targeting
9.3.5. unsafe products
9.3.6. unhealthy products
9.3.6.1. food
9.3.6.1.1. sodium levels too high
9.3.6.1.2. trans fats
9.3.6.1.3. low nutritional content
9.3.7. low/high prices
9.3.7.1. low prices perpetuate overconsumption and excessive materialism
9.3.8. false wants and too much materialism
9.3.8.1. communicates that consumption is the route to happiness
9.3.8.2. promotes forming relationships with goods instead of other people
9.3.8.3. sustainability concerns
9.3.9. concerns with the natural environment
9.3.9.1. pollution
9.3.9.2. resource depletion
9.3.10. cultural pollution
9.3.10.1. advertising clutter
9.3.10.2. too many products
9.3.11. business (and marketing) has too much power
9.3.11.1. whose interests are protected?
9.3.11.2. Whose agenda matters most?
9.4. CSR - corporate social responsibility
9.4.1. integrating social, environmental, and economic concerns into their values, culture, decision making, strategy and operations in a transparent and accountable manner and thereby establish better practices within the firm, create wealth, and improve society.
9.4.2. instrumental defense - academic research suggests that csr performance is positively correlated with corporate financial performance
9.4.3. normative defense: stakeholders are inherently valuable, therefore CSR is the right thing to do
9.5. business sustainability
9.5.1. managing a triple bottom line- by which firms manage their financial, social, and environmental risks, obligations, and opportunities
10. 4) Marketing environment - How does the external environment impact on marketing? The M.E. affects marketers success and marketings ability to meet customers wants/needs
10.1. Factors outside of the marketers control
10.1.1. macroenvironment
10.1.1.1. demographic
10.1.1.1.1. countable characteristics of human populations
10.1.1.1.2. general cohorts
10.1.1.1.3. income
10.1.1.1.4. education
10.1.1.1.5. gender
10.1.1.2. economic
10.1.1.2.1. inflation, unemployment
10.1.1.3. natural
10.1.1.3.1. resources, depletion
10.1.1.3.2. pollution
10.1.1.4. technological
10.1.1.4.1. rapidly changes markets and opportunities
10.1.1.4.2. CES in vegas every year
10.1.1.5. political
10.1.1.5.1. quaity of environment protected?
10.1.1.5.2. taxes
10.1.1.5.3. bylaws
10.1.1.5.4. regulations
10.1.1.5.5. COMPETITION ACT
10.1.1.6. cultural
10.1.1.6.1. shared meanings, beliefs, morals, values, and customs of a group of people
10.1.1.6.2. be aware of cultural differences to your target markets, and what is appropriate.
10.1.2. microenvironment (those closest to the company)
10.1.2.1. suppliers
10.1.2.1.1. provide tangible resources and intangible services
10.1.2.1.2. partners in delivering value
10.1.2.2. intermediaries
10.1.2.2.1. critical in getting product to end customer
10.1.2.2.2. includes retailers, wholesalers, distributors, brokers, agencies, and others
10.1.2.3. customers
10.1.2.4. competitors
10.1.2.4.1. Three levels of competition
10.1.2.4.2. Benefits of competition
10.1.2.4.3. Monitoring competitors marketing strategies
10.1.2.5. publics
10.1.2.5.1. stakeholders
10.1.2.6. company (some parts are within marketers control
10.2. Stages of the business cycle
10.2.1. recession
10.2.1.1. inflation, unemployment
10.2.1.2. fall in GDP over 2 consecutive quarters
10.2.2. depression
10.2.2.1. prolonged and severe recession
10.2.3. recovery
10.2.3.1. economic upturn
10.2.4. prosperity
10.2.4.1. positive growth in gdp, inflation on target, low unemployment
11. 5) Market research
11.1. What is it?
11.1.1. systematic design, collection, analysis, and reporting of data relevant to specific marketing situation, conducted internally or externally
11.2. What does researching tell us?
11.2.1. Neuromarketing, people have a hard time articulating emotions, instead, research on physical responses to advertising (skin heart rate, pupils), measured by eegs or fMRI, etc
11.2.2. consumers conduct research online to
11.2.2.1. 85% seek out pricing info
11.2.2.2. 65% seek out reviews recommendations
11.2.2.3. 62.4% seek out product details
11.2.3. Grocery shopping trends
11.2.3.1. men are primary shoppers 25% of the time, up from 20% in 2006
11.2.3.2. women plan and prep in 80% of households
11.2.3.3. FEW canadians willing to pay for green products, but most believe companies should be green
11.3. Marketing research process
11.3.1. 1. define problem and research objectives
11.3.1.1. problems versus symptoms
11.3.1.2. what are our research objectives?
11.3.1.2.1. Gather preliminary information?
11.3.1.2.2. describe the market or situation?
11.3.1.2.3. test hypothesis about cause and effect?
11.3.2. 2. develop research plan
11.3.2.1. what info do we need?
11.3.2.2. what approach will we take?
11.3.2.3. what method will we use?
11.3.3. 3. collect and analyze data
11.3.3.1. collection
11.3.3.1.1. collect secondary data first (already completed data), then determine info needed from primary sources (primary data)
11.3.3.1.2. qualitative data (open ended)
11.3.3.1.3. surveys (closed ended)
11.3.3.1.4. controlled experiment
11.3.3.1.5. You need to be clear in the questions you ask.
11.3.3.2. Sampling techniques
11.3.3.2.1. population/universe - census
11.3.3.2.2. probability sample
11.3.3.2.3. nonprobability sample
11.3.4. 4. interpret and present findings
11.3.5. Ethical issues in market research
11.3.5.1. privacy
11.3.5.2. time required to complete
11.3.5.3. interrupting people at inconvenient times
11.3.5.4. misuse of research findings
11.3.5.5. disclosure of study purpose