1. The girl WHO lives next door is from Poland .
2. people (after preposition)
2.1. The people for WHOM I work do not like dogs.
3. A. DEFINING
3.1. 1. WHAT IS IT ?
3.1.1. GIVES ESSENTIAL INFORMATION : IT TELLS US WHICH PERSON / THING WE ARE TALKING ABOUT
3.2. 2. EXAMPLE
3.2.1. 'The man who is downstairs is my brother.'
3.2.1.1. Which man is your brother? The man who is downstairs .
3.3. 3. CHARACTERISTICS
3.3.1. CAN OMIT RELATIVE PRONOUN UNLESS THE SUBJECT OF THE VERB
3.3.1.1. EXCEPTION : WHOSE and WHERE cannot be omitted.
3.3.1.2. e.g.
3.3.1.2.1. CAN OMIT
3.3.1.2.2. CANNOT OMIT
3.3.2. CAN USE 'that' instead of WHO or WHICH
3.3.3. NO COMMAS
4. B. NON-DEFINING
4.1. 1. WHAT IS IT ?
4.1.1. NON-ESSENTIAL EXTRA INFORMATION
4.2. 2. EXAMPLE
4.2.1. 'My brother , who lives in Paris , is a great teacher '
4.2.1.1. 'who lives in Paris' is extra information : I could omit it .
4.3. 3. CHARACTERISTICS
4.3.1. CANNOT OMIT RELATIVE PRONOUN e.g. who
4.3.2. CANNOT USE 'that'
4.3.3. MUST USE 2 COMMAS e.g. , who lives in Paris ,
5. C. RELATIVE PRONOUNS & ADVERBS
5.1. WHO
5.1.1. people
5.2. WHOM
5.3. WHOSE
5.3.1. possession or belonging
5.3.1.1. The students WHOSE marks are above 75% can skip the final exam.
5.4. WHICH
5.4.1. things OR the idea of a whole sentence
5.4.1.1. thing
5.4.1.1.1. Our house , WHICH stands on an old burial site , is said to be haunted.
5.4.1.2. idea
5.4.1.2.1. The local government decided to introduce a new law forbidding plastic bags , WHICH should help keep the area more pollution-free.
5.5. THAT
5.5.1. people or things but ONLY in DEFINING CLAUSES when a complement .
5.5.1.1. This is the house THAT Jack built .
5.6. WHEN
5.6.1. time
5.6.1.1. That was the day WHEN my sister was born.
5.7. WHERE
5.7.1. place
5.7.1.1. The place WHERE we stayed was excellent .
5.8. WHY
5.8.1. cause
5.8.1.1. That's the reason WHY she didn't come .
6. TYPICAL ERRORS
6.1. 1
6.1.1. The man sitting next to me he had a brown jacket .
6.1.1.1. ERROR : REPITITION OF SUBJECT
6.1.1.2. CORRECTED : The man sitting next to me had a brown jacket.
6.2. 2
6.2.1. He lent me the book , which I found it very useful.
6.2.1.1. ERROR : REPITITION OF COMPLEMENT
6.3. 3
6.3.1. The winner , that was 25 , will receive 5000 euros.
6.3.1.1. ERROR : USE OF THAT IN NON-DEFINING