1. Parahippocampal Cortex
1.1. Plays a critical role in recollection, associate memory & source memory
1.1.1. Davachi et al, 2003
1.1.2. Eichenbaum et al, 2007
1.2. From contextual information, studies employed paradigms involving visual-spatial processing in memories
1.2.1. Scene processing
1.2.1.1. Henson & Graham, 2011
1.2.2. Spatial location processing
1.2.2.1. Ross & Slotnick, 2008
1.2.3. Item size Judgements
1.2.3.1. Hayes et al, 2011
1.3. Evidence supports false & true memories for context is associated but uncertain of its role during construction
1.3.1. as cited in, Karanian & Slotnick (2017)
2. Memory Problems
2.1. Retrospective memory (past events or events to be attended to in the future
2.1.1. Omission memory errors
2.1.1.1. In older people both Omission error and Commission error is increased, but older people are more affected
2.1.1.1.1. Roediger & McDaniel, 2007
2.1.2. Commission memory error
2.1.2.1. existence or creation of a memory that was not experienced (did not happen)
2.1.2.1.1. Roediger & McDermott, 2000
2.1.2.2. Can increase memory error due to aging
2.2. People have been reported to have vivid memories of events simply by being told about or imagining them
2.2.1. Loftus, 2005
2.3. In recovered memory of CSA they are false memories created by the therapist's suggestion and through the client's reading of similar events
2.3.1. Lindsay & Read, 1994
3. External & Internal
3.1. External items shown to a client through the DRM procedure include more perceptual details and fewer about cognitive operations than internal or imagined memories are
3.1.1. As cited in, Neuschatz et al, 2001
3.2. DRM Procedure: Participants are shown a list of words (doze, nap) related to a critical nonpresented item (sleep). Participants then recall, recognition of nonpresented itemsusually exceeds that of studied items
4. Recollective Experience in true & false AM'S
4.1. False memories sometimes defined as false beliefs that are experienced as memories
4.1.1. Lampinen et al, 1998
4.2. Remember Experiences sometimes accompany false memories
4.2.1. Episodic retrieval constituted by remember experiences and characterised by recollective experience
4.2.1.1. Recollective experience: Awareness of the encoding of an event, such as thoughts, feeling or images
4.2.1.1.1. Tulving, 1985
4.2.2. Rajaram & Roediger, 1997
5. False Autobiographical Memories Techniques
5.1. Imagination of unremembered or unclear events
5.1.1. Participants are asked to use prior knowledge to create narratives or images and encouraged to believe it and report it
5.1.1.1. The constructed and representations may become blurred
5.1.1.1.1. Conway, 1997
5.1.1.2. Can cause source attribution error
5.1.1.2.1. Johnson et al, 1993
5.1.1.3. Familiarity and source discrimination can become difficult the more participants are asked to repeat imagination or retrieval of the memorial information
6. True and false Memories
6.1. Participants rated the images in false memories less clear than in true memories
6.2. Characteristics might differ on the basis of sensory or perceptual distinctions
6.2.1. Loftus & Pickrell, 1995
6.3. Fewer words also used when recounting false memories, compared to true memories
6.3.1. Conway et al, 1996
7. Traumatic Memory Perspectives
7.1. 1: Trauma theory, Traumatic memories are more fragmented, disorganised and less coherent compared to nontraumatic
7.1.1. Defense Memories such as dissociation and repression can be activated in poorer memory for trauma
7.1.1.1. Alpert et al, 1998
7.2. 2: Trauma Superiority, recalled more accurately and vividly than Trauma theory and remembered better
7.2.1. Researchers argue that memory is enhanced because highly stressful experiences are processed different on a cognitive and neurological level
7.2.1.1. Porter & Peace, 2007
7.3. 3: Trauma equivalency Theory, researchers believe that traumatic and non traumatic memories do not significantly differ from each other by their phenomenological characteristics. They assume the neurological and psychological mechanisms underlying the formation and forgetting of both types of memories are identical
7.3.1. Geraerts et al, 2007
7.3.2. Rubin, Dennis & Beckham, 2011
7.3.3. Brewin, 2007
7.3.4. Stressful occurrences are said to use ordinary memory processes in all situations
8. Arguments that traumatic and emotional events are two distinct classes
8.1. 1. Traumatic and emotional events have differences between the objective features as well as the formation and maintenance that has been possibly influenced
8.2. 2. As Trauma exposure is often associated with the development of psychological disorders including memory disturbances it assumes that traumatic memories distinguish from emotional memories
8.3. 3. Emotional experiences that are forgotten and then recovered can be mistaken for traumatic experiences
8.4. 4. Traumatic experiences are not shared with other people as much as emotional experiences are
8.5. 5. Neuroscience theory and research suggests that Autobiographical memory functions can be impaired by trauma exposure
9. Cognitive processes in false memories
9.1. The Cognitive processes used in memories are sometimes prone to distortion of memories and error
9.1.1. Brainerd & Reyna, 2005
9.2. Observed actions, events or scheme based inferences can be integrated into memories, this includes sentences and stories
9.2.1. Alba & Hasher, 1983
9.3. Errors in Cognitive Processes can sometimes be viewed as byproducts of adaptive constructive processes. These can play a functional role but as a consequence of doing so they produce distortion and errors
9.3.1. Howe, 2011; Howe et al, 2016