1. Pathophysiology of artherosclerosis
1.1. 1)Damage to the endothelium
1.2. 2) Lipoprotein accumulation
1.3. 3)Monocycte adhesion to the endothelium
1.4. 4)Platlet adhesion
1.5. 5)Factor released; activated platlet and formation of macrophage
1.6. 6) Smooth muscle proliferation and extracellular matrix adhesion
1.7. 7)Lipid accumulation
1.8. 8)Plaque formation
2. Affected and develop to secondary diseases
2.1. Coronary Arterial Disease (CAD)
2.1.1. -is a heart and vessel disease. It involved angina and myocardial infarction
2.1.1.1. angina= chest pain. it can be characterised into 3 -stable angina, -unstable angina, -cardiac syndrome
2.1.1.2. myocardial infarction= tissue death due to the blood flow to area of heart is blocked/decreases. Blockage/Obstruction is a result of plague formation in the coronary arteries •Symptoms – central or left side chest pain/discomfort that travel to shoulder, arm, neck or jaw. SOB, nausea, feeling faint, cold sweat, feeling tired
2.2. Stroke
2.2.1. Affecting the brain •Causing cells to die = functional loss controlled by the brain •May cause permanent effect if too much brain cells damage (irreversible sensory neuron loss) •Some are temporary if damage is not too much. Need rehabilitation
2.2.1.1. Ischemic stroke •Blood vessels feeding the brain blocked / stenosis
2.2.1.2. Hemorrhagic stroke •Blood vessels within the brain burst •May be due to uncontrolled hypertension
2.2.1.3. Signs & symptoms: coma, multiple paralysis, monoplegia/hemiplegia/paraplegia, sensory impairment, speech disturbance, nerve paresis
2.3. Heart Failure
2.3.1. Heart fails to pump blood as supposedly it should •Does not mean it does not pump •The body demand for oxygenated blood isn't met •Usually result in enlarged heart
2.4. Arrhythmia
2.4.1. Abnormal heart rhythm •Beating too slow (bradycardia, <60 bpm), or beating too fast (tachycardia, >100 bpm) •Irregular heart may give bad supply of blood flow for the body
2.5. Heart Valve Problem
2.5.1. -Stenosis: when the valves don’t open well to allow adequate flow -Regurgitation: when the valves don’t close properly which allow leak/ back flow -Prolapse: when valves leaflets bulge or prolapse back into the upper chamber
2.6. Peripheral Arterial Disease
2.6.1. •Occur when there is blockage in the arteries to the limbs (usually legs) •Symptoms: pain upon walking, in one or both thighs, hips or calves •Pain like cramps, dull or heaviness; which comes and goes; exaggerated with exercise of the legs
2.7. Rheumatic Heart Disease
2.7.1. •May cause by rheumatic fever •an inflammatory disease that can develop as a complication of inadequately treated strep throat or scarlet fever. •Strep throat and scarlet fever are caused by an infection with streptococcus bacteria. •Heart problem is due to streptococcal bacteria •Starts as a pharyngitis
2.8. Hypertension
2.8.1. •High BP: persistent elevation of blood pressure against the arterial wall •Risk factor of hypertension: obesity, excessive alcohol intake, smoking, Family Hx •Symptoms: usually none •Long term HPT increases the risk of coronary artery disease, stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, peripheral vascular disease, vision loss, chronic kidney disease, and dementia.
2.8.1.1. primary=due to nonspecific lifestyle (i.e. salty diet, body weight, smoking, alcohol use) and genetic factors
2.8.1.2. Secondary= due to an identifiable cause e.g. CKD, narrowing of kidney arteries, endocrine disorder, etc.
3. Treatment
3.1. medications
3.2. surgery
3.3. lifestyle changes- reduce the risk factors
4. What is cardiovascular system?
4.1. Blood circulation whether systemic or pulmonary
4.2. Circulatory/Vascular system
4.3. Lymph: recycled excess blood plasma
4.4. functions:
4.4.1. Fighting disease, stabilize temperature, pH, homeostasis
4.4.2. Blood: plasma, RBC, WBC, platelets
4.4.3. transporting nutrients, O2, CO2, hormones, etc.
5. What is cardiovascular disease?
5.1. conditions affecting the heart or blood vessels
5.2. associated with fatty deposits build-up inside the arteries (artherosclerosis)
5.3. increased risk of blood clots
5.4. damage to arteries in organs including the brain, heart, kidneys and eyes
5.5. increasing prevalence with age
6. Risk factors of cardiovascular diseases?
6.1. non modifiable
6.1.1. Genetics
6.1.2. Age
6.1.3. sex
6.2. modifiable
6.2.1. tobacco use
6.2.2. Exercise
6.2.3. Diet
6.2.4. Socioeconomic status
6.2.5. S;eep
6.2.6. occupational comitment