The II Industrial Revolution
Alessia Luzziにより
1. It started around 1856
1.1. It has taken place in United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, Japan and United States
1.2. It was inaugurated with the development of the light by Thomas Edison
1.2.1. The use of dynamo and magnetic field allowed the construction of new efficient machines
2. The petroleum industry
2.1. The chemist James Young built the first oil-work for fuel use
2.2. Invention of the internal combustion engine
2.2.1. German inventor Karl Benz patented the world's first automobile in 1886
2.2.2. The Wright brothers had invented the first successful airplane
3. Medical discoveries
3.1. Vaccine, in 1796 by Edward Jenner
3.2. Anesthesia, in 1846 by William Morton at Massachusetts General Hospital
3.3. Aspirin, in 1853 by Felix Hoffmann and Charles Frédéric Gerhardt
3.4. X-ray, in 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen
4. This era saw the birth of the modern ship as disparate technological advances came together.
5. In 1891 the Edison Company in the USA successfully demonstrated a prototype of the Kinetoscope, which enabled one person at a time to view moving pictures
5.1. The Lumière brothers became the first filmmakers
6. Working condition
6.1. Working hours decreased
6.2. The children also worked and they were denied of the education
6.2.1. The entrepreneurs preferred them because they did not protest and did not complain
6.3. They improved
7. Imperialism
7.1. Many countries wanted to expand their dominance
7.1.1. This policy led to the First World War
8. Labor unions
8.1. Strikes
8.1.1. Decrease of working hours
8.1.2. Wages increase
9. In the early 20th century the Ford Motor Company pioneered the so-called fordism, a system of mass production that revolutionized the economy
9.1. Charlie Chaplin mocked this system with the comedy Modern Times
9.1.1. It showed the so-called process of "reification"in wich the worker becomes, as Marx said, a "capital prostitute"
10. Inventions
10.1. The Flyer, the first airplane, was invented in 1901 by the Wright brothers
10.2. Harry John Lawson designed the first bicycle in 1876
10.3. Henry Fourdrinier invented the first paper making machine, the Fourdrinier machine
10.4. The invention of the telegraph in 1837 by William Fothergill Cooke and the invetion of the telophone in 1876 by Alexander Graham Bell were used speed business transactions
10.5. The Bessemer process, invented by Sir Henry Bessemer, allowed the mass-production of steel, increasing the costruction of infrastuctures
10.6. Agricultural innovations
10.6.1. Invented chemical fertilizers