1. 1 Pre-English period (- c. AD 450)
1.1. The origins of English are surprisingly well documented.
1.2. The indigenous languages of Britain were Celtic
1.2.1. Romans
1.2.1.1. Latin
1.2.1.1.1. "Official language of culture and government"
1.2.1.1.2. The English language has repeated this early history of Latin.
1.2.1.1.3. Major influence on English
1.2.2. Celtic communities
1.2.2.1. Transformed
1.2.2.2. Destroyed
1.2.2.3. Pushed back into areas as Cornwall, Wales and the Scotish borders.
2. 2 Early old English (c. 450 - c. 850)
2.1. Romans left Britian
2.1.1. Anglo-Saxon Invasion
2.1.1.1. New settlers brought Germanic dialects from mainland Europe
2.1.1.2. They spoke a Language known as OE
2.1.1.2.1. Read OD without special study
2.1.1.3. The Literature of the Anglo-Saxons is one of the richest and most ignificant.
2.1.1.3.1. Poems were product of oral improvisation
2.2. Latin
2.2.1. Still an important written language
2.2.2. The Church and many Latin words were introduced into OLD ENGLISH during this early peariod.
2.2.2.1. The language developed a new form
2.2.2.1.1. The first English literary text appeared
2.2.3. Literary age
2.2.3.1. Augustine
2.2.3.1.1. The conversion of the AS to Christianity
3. 3 Later old English (c. 850 - 1100)
3.1. A time of invasion and settlement from Scandinavia
3.1.1. The Vikings
3.1.1.1. Few ealry inscriptions were burned
3.1.1.1.1. Vikings had a strong influence in OE
3.2. A time of language change
3.2.1. In the north of England
3.2.1.1. Dialects of English were extensively influenced by Scandinavian languages.
3.2.2. In the south of England
3.2.2.1. King Alfred, concerned about falling educational standards, arranged for many Latin texts to be translated into English.
4. 4 Middle English (c. 1100 - 1450)
4.1. The Norman Conquest (1066) and rule brought about many linguistics changes.
4.1.1. French
4.1.1.1. The new official language in England
4.1.1.1.1. Affected
4.1.1.2. Educated people probably needed to be trilingual in French, Latin and English.
4.1.1.2.1. It was a flourishing period of English Literature.
5. 5 Early Modern English (c. 1450 - 1750)
5.1. This period spans the Renaissance, the Elizabethan era and Shakespeare.
5.1.1. It is the period when the nation states of Europe took their modern form.
5.1.2. The role of the Church and Latin declined.
5.1.2.1. In England, key institutions of science, such as the Royal Society, were established
5.1.2.2. By the end of the 17th century
5.1.2.2.1. Theoreticians like Newton were writing their discoveries in English rather than Latin.
5.1.3. Britain grew commercially and acquired overseas colonies.
5.1.3.1. English was taken to the Americas and India.
5.1.3.2. The rise of printing (the first printing book in English 1473)
5.1.3.2.1. English acquired a stable typographic identity.
6. 6 Modern English (c. 1750 - 1950)
6.1. English had become a “national” language.
6.2. Many attempts were made to “standardise and fix” the language with dictionaries and grammars
6.2.1. Johnson’s Dictionary 1755, the Oxford English Dictionary 1858-1928.
6.3. The industrial revolution triggered off a global restructuring of work and leisure
6.3.1. This made English the international language of advertising and cunsumerism.
6.3.1.1. The international use of French declined.
6.3.2. The telegraph was patented in 1837,
6.3.2.1. linking English-speaking communities around the world and establishing English as the major language for wire services.
6.4. As Britain consolidated imperial power.
6.4.1. English-medium education was introduced in many parts of the world.
6.4.2. The first international series of English language-teaching texts was published from Britain in 1938
6.4.2.1. English emerged as the most popular working language for transnational institutions.
6.4.3. The world’s first TV commercial was broadcast in the US in 1941.
6.4.3.1. In the aftermath of World War II, the US became global economic and culture presence, making American English the dominant world variety.
7. 7 Late Modern English (c. 1950 -)
7.1. When Britain’s retreat from the empire, local and partially standardized varieties of English have emerged in newly independent countries.
7.1.1. ELT has become a major private-sector industry.
7.1.2. The first geostationary communications satellites were launched and the Internet was invented (US 1970s).
7.1.2.1. A world market in audio-visual products was created
7.1.2.2. Worldwide English language TV channels began (CNN International launched 1989).
7.1.2.3. English has acquired new electronic forms, as the fragment of a textual interaction from a north European reflector for Internet Relay Chat shows.