1. Count Phonemes
1.1. "Baby" has 4 phonemes /b/ /a/ /b/ /y/
1.2. "Dream" has 4 phonemes /d/ /r/ /ea/ /m/
2. Affixes
2.1. Introduces in grade 2
2.1.1. Prefixes= added to beginning of word
2.1.1.1. re-
2.1.1.2. an-
2.1.1.3. con-
2.1.1.4. de-
2.1.1.5. dis-
2.1.1.6. en-
2.1.1.7. post-
2.1.2. Suffixes= added to end of word
2.1.2.1. -ful
2.1.2.2. -ment
2.1.2.3. -ism
2.1.2.4. -tion
2.1.2.5. -able
2.1.2.6. -ous
3. Compound Words
3.1. 2 words joined together
3.2. Keeps original spelling
3.3. Used to create new words
4. Contractions
4.1. 2 words put together
4.2. Words are shortened
4.2.1. Missing letters are replaced by '
4.2.1.1. Exp: Can not = can't
5. Plural = more than one
5.1. + "s"
5.2. + "es"
5.2.1. words that end in x,s,sh, and ch
6. Possessive
6.1. Shows ownership
6.2. + "'s"
6.3. Words ending with s
6.3.1. +' '"
7. Homonyms
7.1. Homophones
7.1.1. Words that sound the same
7.1.1.1. different spelling
7.1.1.2. different meanings
7.1.2. Examples
7.1.2.1. by/buy/bye
7.1.2.2. there/their
7.1.2.3. right/write
7.2. Homographs
7.2.1. spelled the same
7.2.1.1. pronounced diffrently
7.2.2. Examples
7.2.2.1. Wīnd/wind
7.2.2.2. lēad/lead
7.2.2.3. bow/bōw
8. Antonyms= words with opposite meaning
8.1. light/dark
8.2. hot/cold
9. Synonyms =words that mean similar
9.1. sime/grin
9.2. shirt/blouse
9.3. bright/sunny
10. Abbreviations
10.1. Used to shorten words
10.2. Offten used in notes or informal writing
10.3. Examples
10.3.1. U.S. = United States
10.3.2. P.O. = Post office
10.3.3. blvd. = boulevard
11. Levels of Phonological Awarness
11.1. Early Phonological Awarness
11.1.1. 4
11.1.1.1. Responding to rhymes
11.1.1.2. Playing with words
11.1.1.3. Alliteration
11.1.2. 5
11.1.2.1. Odd Words
11.1.2.2. Rhyming recognition
11.1.2.3. Clapping, counting or tapping syllables
11.1.2.4. First sounds and words together
11.2. Basic Phonemic Awareness Grades K and 1
11.2.1. 5.5
11.2.1.1. Onset and rime
11.2.1.2. Blending
11.2.1.3. Separating phonemes
11.2.1.4. Segmenting and pronouncing different sounds in a word
11.2.1.5. Remembering different phoneme combinations
11.2.2. 6
11.2.2.1. Deleting syllabols
11.2.2.2. Deleating parts of compound words
11.2.2.3. Onset/rime and blending
11.2.2.4. Segmenting 2-3 phonemes
11.2.3. 6.5
11.2.3.1. Segmenting 3 to 4 phonemes
11.2.3.1.1. Blends included
11.2.3.2. Substituting phonemes
11.2.3.2.1. Building different words
11.2.3.3. Pronouncing/Emphasizing phonemes in words
11.2.3.3.1. Exp. Say the first sound in ship
11.2.3.3.2. Exp. Say the last sound in black
11.2.3.3.3. Say the vowel sound in hope
11.3. Advanced Phonemic Awareness Grades 2 and 3
11.3.1. 7-8
11.3.1.1. Sound deletion
11.3.1.1.1. Inital sound
11.3.1.1.2. Final Sound
11.3.1.2. Sound substitution
11.3.1.2.1. Words with five to 6 phonemes
11.3.2. 9
11.3.2.1. Sound deletion
11.3.2.2. Phoneme reversal
11.3.2.3. Phoneme chaining
11.3.2.4. Shows up in writing not just speaking
11.4. Orthography
11.4.1. Graphemes
11.4.1.1. "s' =2 phonemes
11.4.1.1.1. /s/
11.4.1.1.2. /z/
11.4.1.2. "x"=2 phonemes
11.4.1.2.1. /gs/
11.4.1.2.2. /ks/
11.4.1.3. "c"=-2 phonemes
11.4.1.3.1. /k/
11.4.1.3.2. /s/
11.4.1.4. double constant
11.4.1.4.1. lit-tle
11.4.1.4.2. puf-fin
11.4.1.5. "g" = 2 phonemes
11.4.1.5.1. /g/
11.4.1.5.2. /j/
11.4.1.6. "Silent consonant"
11.4.1.6.1. knee
11.4.1.6.2. Write
11.4.1.6.3. Comb
11.4.1.7. "Qu"=/kw/
11.4.1.7.1. Quiet
11.4.2. Diagraphs
11.4.2.1. /aw/ =ou
11.4.2.1.1. thousand
11.4.2.1.2. couch
11.4.2.1.3. round
11.4.2.2. /ü/ =ōō
11.4.2.2.1. food
11.4.2.2.2. good
11.4.2.3. /oy/=oi
11.4.2.3.1. join
11.4.2.3.2. avoid
11.4.2.4. /oy/=oy
11.4.2.4.1. boy
11.4.2.4.2. toy
11.4.2.4.3. joy
11.4.2.5. Schwa=herd in unaccented syllables
11.4.2.5.1. Sounds like "uh"
11.4.3. Trigraphs
11.4.4. Vowel teams
11.4.5. Blends
11.4.6. Families
11.4.7. Syllables
11.4.8. Morphemes
11.4.9. Etymology