1. Engagement
1.1. Options for sustaining effort and persistence
1.1.1. foster collaboration and community
1.1.2. mastery-oriented feedback
1.1.3. heighten salience of goals and objectives
1.1.4. vary demands and resources to optimize change
1.2. Options for self-regulation
1.2.1. optimize motivation
1.2.2. self-assessment and reflection
1.2.3. personal coping skills and strategies
1.3. Options for recruiting interest
1.3.1. individual choice and autonomy
1.3.2. minimize threats and distractions
1.3.3. optimize relevance, value, and authenticity
2. Representation
2.1. Options for language, mathematical expressions, and symbols
2.1.1. Support decoding text, mathematical notation, and symbols
2.1.2. Clarify vocab and symbols
2.1.3. Promote understanding across languages
2.1.4. Illustrate through multiple media
2.1.5. Clarify syntax and structure
2.2. Options for comprehension
2.2.1. Activate or supply background knowledge
2.2.2. Guide information processing, visualization, and manipulation
2.2.3. Highlight patterns, critical features, big ideas, and relationships
2.2.4. Maximize transfer and generalization
2.3. Options for perception
2.3.1. Offer alternatives for auditory info
2.3.2. Offer ways of customizing the display info
2.3.3. Offer alternatives for visual info
3. Action & Expression
3.1. Options for expression and communication
3.1.1. Use multiple tools for construction and communication
3.1.2. use multiple media for communication
3.1.3. Build fluencies with graduates levels of support for practice and performance
3.2. Options for physical action
3.2.1. Optimize access to tools and assistive technologies
3.2.2. Vary methods for response and navigation
3.3. Options for executive functions
3.3.1. Support planning and strategy development
3.3.2. Guide appropriate goal-setting
3.3.3. Enhance capacity for monitoring progress