1. HEALTH & SAFETY
1.1. Reformers
1.1.1. Upton Sinclair
1.1.1.1. Wrote a novel exposing the lack of safety and sanitation for workers in the meat packing industry.
1.1.2. Alice Hamilton
1.1.2.1. A doctor who helped factory workers; worked to teach factory owners how to make their factories safer and cleaner.
1.1.3. Lillian Wald
1.1.3.1. A nurse who had the idea of sending nurses to people who were too sick or poor to go to a hospital.
1.2. Problems
1.2.1. In the 1900's there was no way to now if your food was contaminated or if the medicines you took were safe
1.2.2. Many reformers saw a widespread lack of healthcare.
1.3. Solutions
1.3.1. Pure Food and Drug Act; These regulations banned the sale of impure food and medicines.
1.3.2. Visiting Nurse Program; Lillian Wald started this program and it allowed nurses to help sick people at home. Wald's idea of nurses in school eventually was put into place in New York schools.
2. CONSERVATION
2.1. Reformers
2.1.1. John Muir
2.1.1.1. Preserved over 200 million acres of public lands and established the first wildlife refuge.
2.1.2. Theodore Roosevelt
2.1.2.1. A strong campaigner for conservation- controlling how America's natural resources were used.
2.2. Problems
2.2.1. There was a gradual reduction and loss of natural resources.
2.3. Solution
2.3.1. Wildlife Refuges; first one was established in Pelican Island, Florida.
2.3.2. National Parks were doubled in the U.S. at this time.
3. PROHIBITION
3.1. Reformers
3.1.1. Temperance Movement
3.1.1.1. A movement that gained its popularity by its members calling for a ban on alcohol to contribute to the stopping of some of societies evils.
3.1.2. Mary Hunt
3.1.2.1. A supporter of the prohibition; felt that prohibition would promote morality and better health.
3.1.3. Carrie Nation
3.1.3.1. A prohibition advocate, took a hatchet to saloons while preaching the evils of alcohol.
3.2. Problems
3.2.1. Alcoholism; Belief that it was connected to insanity and violence and led to poverty in America.
3.2.2. Immorality
3.2.2.1. Members of the Temperance Movement preached that alcohol led to immorality in society. Ex. gambling and destruction of families.
3.2.3. Organized Crime; Result of prohibition was the growth of organized crime.
3.2.3.1. Many Americans did not believe drinking was harmful and found endless ways to get it. Illegal nightclubs called Speakeasies were created and sold liquor.
3.2.3.2. Bootleggers, were people that made money off of illegally transporting and selling alcohol.
3.3. Solutions
3.3.1. 18th amendment
3.3.1.1. Banned the manufacture and sale of alcohol in the US.
3.3.2. 21st amendment
3.3.2.1. Repealed the prohibition, although the organized crime that it prohibition created did not end with the repeal.
4. SUFFRAGE
4.1. Reformers
4.1.1. NAWSA
4.1.1.1. Women suffrage groups merged and worked to get each state to allow women to vote. Created the idea of the 19th amendment.
4.1.2. Elizabeth Cady Stanton
4.1.2.1. First president of NAWSA
4.1.3. Susan B. Anthony
4.1.3.1. President of NAWSA. Together were focused on getting women equal voting rights.
4.2. Problems
4.2.1. Right to vote; Before the civil war women were active in the struggle for suffrage and the right to vote. They created groups to fight for their rights.
4.3. Solutions
4.3.1. 19th amendment; Congress passed this law to give women full voting rights.
5. WORKERS RIGHTS
5.1. Reformers
5.1.1. Samuel Gompers
5.1.1.1. A famous union leader, was a victim of child labor and then eventually became the leader of the union for his factory. He fought for laws that would limit the work day to eight hours. Gompers helped start American Federation of Labor.
5.1.2. American Federation of Labor
5.1.2.1. Many unions joined together to create the AFL. The AFL worked to make changes in workplaces and gradually laws that limited long work hours and increased wages came into place.
5.2. Problems
5.2.1. Low Wages; Factory workers typically had low wages. Could not voice themselves to the boss because at the time factory workers could be easily replaced due to high numbers of immigrants.
5.2.2. Long Work Days; Many factor workers faced long work days with unsafe and unsanitary conditions.
5.3. Solutions
5.3.1. Labor Unions; Factory workers created labor unions to give them a voice to ask for better pay, shorter work days, and safer working conditions.
5.3.2. Strikes; If the workers involved with the union did not get what they wanted they would not work until they got their way.
6. POVERTY
6.1. Reformers
6.1.1. Jacob Riis
6.1.1.1. Photographer that exposed poor conditions of the lower class to higher class.
6.1.2. Jane Addams
6.1.2.1. Bought a house and made it into a settlement home to provide services to the lower class.
6.2. Problems
6.2.1. The rise of immigrants coming in caused overcrowding of cities and many of the families could not afford housing.
6.2.2. Overcrowded tenements; Buildings were run down, poorly designed, unsafe, and lacked running water, electricity, and sanitation.
6.3. Solution
6.3.1. Settlement Houses: Houses that offered opportunities such as education, child care, and work training.
7. CORRUPTION
7.1. Reformers
7.1.1. Robert La Follette
7.1.1.1. Governor of Wisconsin; Wisconsin was the first state to establish direct primary.
7.2. Problems
7.2.1. Political Machines: Organizations that influenced votes and controlled local governments. Politicians would break rules to win elections.
7.2.2. Ex. Tammany Hall: The most famous political machine. Controlled by William Tweed; they stole large amounts of money from the city.
7.3. Solution
7.3.1. Direct Primary: Voters choose candidates for the parties to run in elections. Promoted three government reforms.
7.3.1.1. Initiatives allowed voters to propose laws.
7.3.1.2. Referendums allowed citizens to vote on proposed laws.
7.3.1.3. Recalls which allowed people to vote a government official out of office.
8. CHILD LABOR
8.1. Reformers
8.1.1. Lewis Hine
8.1.1.1. Famous photographer; took photos of inside of factories to show how terrible it was for children as factory workers. His pictures inspired support for child labor laws.
8.1.2. The National Child Labor Committee
8.1.2.1. Organization dedicated to ending child labor. Members worked to expose working conditions for the young workers, gain support from state level child labor laws, and created compulsory education.
8.2. Solution
8.2.1. Compulsory Education: Laws to require kids to attend school and keeps kids from working dangerous jobs.
9. RACISM
9.1. Reformers
9.1.1. Ida B. Wells
9.1.1.1. Journalist who worked to fight against black lynchings in the South.
9.1.2. W.E.B. Du Bois
9.1.2.1. Helped start the N.A.A.C.P., this group worked hard to end discrimination against African Americans in the United States.
9.1.3. Booker T. Washington
9.1.3.1. Early leader that gave effort to achieve equality. Founded the Tuskegee Institute.
9.2. Problems
9.2.1. Jim Crow Laws: These laws restricted rights for African Americans. Ex. poll taxing, or literacy test before voting.
9.2.2. Segregation: Segregation was the separation of whites and blacks. Ranged from schools, trolley seats, bathrooms, and waiting rooms.
9.3. Solution
9.3.1. This school helped African Americans learn trades and gain economic strength. Washington did not challenge separation and made the school separate from whites and provided some of the best training and instruction for African Americans.