1. effect of by-products from fermentation
1.1. the by-product from fermentation can cause
1.1.1. 1-inhibition of the running fermentation
1.2. 1- inhibition of the running fermentation
1.3. 2-environmental pollution
1.3.1. example (s)
1.4. example , a)grape pulp from wine/beer industries
1.5. b) whey from cheese and casein industries
1.6. c) amino acids fermentation by-product (AFB)
2. up-scaling a bioreactor operation
2.1. this process is the important step for transferring bench-top, fermentation(laboratory,small scale) to mass production (factory,large scale)
3. effect of physical factors
3.1. 1. oxygen tranfer
3.1.1. oxygen is an essential element for aerobic growth and product formation.
3.1.2. oxygen transfer rate can be adjusted by either changing the a) Air inlet rate or b)Agitation Rate
3.2. 2. nutrient transport
3.2.1. nutrient transport referring to the rate of transport of a limiting nutrient.
3.3. 3. temperature
3.3.1. important factor affecting the performance of cells, also affecting product formation.
3.4. 4-foam formation
3.4.1. the generation of foam ~ remains a major technological challenge to be resolved and need further investigation.
3.4.1.1. effect of foaming
3.4.1.1.1. 1-direct - microbial cells stripping and contamination
3.4.1.1.2. 2-indirect - modify the properties of medium due to the addition of chemical antifoam which leads to toxicity on microbial metabolisms and fouling subsequent downstream equipment.