1. Definition: 1982 Montego Bay conference
1.1. Boundaries within which a country can use their maritime areas
1.1.1. Internal Waters : Complete control and jurisdiction; falls within the land
1.1.2. Territorial Sea: Complete control, but right of innocent passage; 12 miles from the baseline
1.1.3. Contiguous Zone: Law enforcement zone, but no air-space rights; 24 miles
1.1.4. EEZ: Exploitation of any resources found on the sea floor. Right of innocent passage; 200 miles
1.1.5. Continental Shelf: Economic rights for non-living resources only(oil, gas); up to 350 miles beyond a land baseline
1.2. Maritime zones that are internationally regulated
1.2.1. High Seas: International waters; exploitation of any resource on the sea;
1.2.2. International seabed: "peaceful" use of resources only
2. Maritime Security
2.1. Protection against non-state actors
2.1.1. Piracy
2.1.2. Arms smuggling
2.1.2.1. Small arms
2.1.2.2. Weapons of mass destruction
2.1.3. Slavery & Human trafficking
2.1.3.1. 234 pirate attacks in the Indian Ocean in 2011
2.1.4. Drugs
2.1.4.1. "The vast majority of marijuana and cocaine entering the US is transported by private vessels"
2.1.5. Terrorism
2.2. Challenge: Maritime Crime often follows maritime trade routes
2.2.1. Attackers use highly advanced technology
2.2.2. Immense size of the seas
2.2.3. Immense volume of cargo traded in ports
2.2.4. Trade ships often pass through many countries before reaching their destination
2.2.5. Governments usually unsuccessful in tracking illegal goods
3. Conflicts
3.1. Resources
3.1.1. Petrol: around 30% of petroleum production is offshore
3.1.2. Natural Gas
3.1.3. Fisheries
3.1.3.1. Mauritius and the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission are assessing conflicts of interests with coastal African countries and the EU over tuna fishing
3.1.4. Metallic deposits
3.1.4.1. Conflicts between affected communities and corporations for deep see mining in New Zealand and Papua New Guinea
3.1.5. Environment and conservation
3.1.5.1. Ex. digging up of coral reefs causes degradaiotn of reefs
3.2. Territorial expansion
3.2.1. Finding islands to expand EEZ
3.2.2. Sea levels rising means islands could be submerged, making EEZs much smaller
4. Resolving conflicts
4.1. Declaring a clear EEZ
4.1.1. Leads to more peaceful bilateral negociations
4.2. Membership in the UNCLOS
4.2.1. Institutions can manage conflicts
4.2.1.1. International Tribune of the Law of the Sea (ITLOS)
4.2.1.2. Arbitral Tribunals which provide compulsory arbitration
4.3. Global cooperation on the environment
4.3.1. MARPOL: Convention on the pollution from ships
5. Examples of conflicts
5.1. South China Sea
5.1.1. Territorial expansion: islands and the Nine Dash Line
5.1.2. Protection of the marine environment, with illegal island-building
5.2. Arctic territories
5.2.1. Conflicts between the US, China, and Russia
5.2.2. US wishing to buy Greenland to expand influence around the Arctic