Impact of Engineering on the development of Covid-19 vaccine

1. development, testing, and regulation

1.1. REGULATORY AUTHRITY USA - FDA FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION

1.2. DEVELOPMENT TECHNOLOGY

2. stages of vaccine development

2.1. scale of development - global

2.2. vaccine safety

2.3. manufacture billions of doses

2.4. regulators

2.5. speed of delivery

3. What engineering/tech was used for historic diseases.

3.1. small pox -rubbing scabs on skin to promote an immune response leading to the idea diseases might be amenable to immune response. Smallpox and diptheria tial and error

3.1.1. Polio Virus?

3.2. animal testing and confirmation of immune response

3.3. post ww2 remarkable advances- vaccienes for measels rubella and mumps

4. Exploratory Stage

4.1. research

4.2. scientists identify synthetic/natural antigens

4.3. Identification of the causative organism is the first step

5. Pre-clinical stage, developed a working vaccine

5.1. tissue and animal testing

5.2. provoke immune response

5.3. safe starting dose?

5.4. many vaccines never pass this stage becuase they dont produce an immune response

6. HOW DO YOU PRODUCE AN IMUNE RESPONSE / How do you produce the COVID 19 vaccine

6.1. find the virus/fungus or bacteria that causes this disease/ identify the pathogen

6.2. seperate the part of the organism that makes you sick and the part that gives you an imune response

7. VACCINE TRIALS

7.1. TRACKING SIDE EFFCTS

7.2. SAFE AND EFFECTIVE

7.3. phase 1,2 and 3 trails

8. Mobile Labs - can these labs receive the vaccine sequence and maunfacture vaccines locally - Engineering - probably not used

8.1. Dutch company Lamboo mobile medical

8.2. thermal stability is a concers

8.3. Receive vaccine sequence via telecommunications

9. History of vaccines

9.1. What is a vaccine?

9.2. How long have vaccines been produced?

9.3. different techniques of producing a vaccine (vaccinologist)

10. GENETIC ENGINEERING-Bio-technology- scientific principles to develop a vaccine. Vaccinologist. mRNA

10.1. genetic engineering -virtually all vaccines from this point will involve GE

10.1.1. Define antigens responsible for inducing clinical immunity

10.2. DEVELOPMENT IS A COMPLICATED SCIENCE

10.2.1. building a vaccine from a pathogens RNA

10.3. Plasmid based methods

10.4. New technology based on genetic material mRNA

11. WHAT TECHNOLOGY HAS HELPED DEVELOPMENT OF VACCINES

11.1. mRNA technology new technology reshaping vaccine development - fighting pathogens

11.2. technologies based on the genetic code of the virus - efficient and fast

11.3. Modern vaccines based on increasing knowledge of microbiology and cellular biology of the infecting organism including biochemicla structures and molecular genetics

11.4. Tech has also contributed to infection- no country can be considered safe as long as it persists in other populations - opposing argument

12. future developments

12.1. library of vaccines created. ref sky news (vaccine tech)

12.2. stabilising the vaccine so it can be stored

12.3. more work to realise the potential of nevel technologies

12.4. Vaccine cocktails

12.5. effective vaccines for diarrheal disease,malaria

12.6. replace vaccines with specific antigens - more efficacious,safer,possibly less expensive

12.7. Speed and cost of development?

13. Changes in lifestyle, hygiene cause shifts in patterns with infectious diseases