1. Data
1.1. World Economic Forums
1.1.1. Corruptions = more than 5% of global GDP (2.6 trillion USD)
1.1.2. corruption increases the cost of doing business by up to 10% on average
1.2. World Bank
1.2.1. 1 trillion USD is paid in bribe each year
1.3. IMF
1.3.1. investments in corrupt countries are 5% less than in corrupt-free countries
1.4. The Provincial Governance and Public Administration Performance Index (PAPI)
1.4.1. Each year, PAPI assesses citizens' experience and perceptions concerning policy making, policy implementation, and the monitoring of public service delivery
1.4.2. Problem: people hesitate to answer questions truthfully for fear of self-incrimination or reprisals, and the risk that respondents overstate the corruption problem but underreport instances of corruption when it affects them.
1.4.3. Method: Uses Unmatched Count Technique (UCT) to measure scopes and scales, and 'truncated estimation strategy' to measure the cost of corruption
1.4.4. Findings
1.4.4.1. Citizens pay an average of 5USD to 28USD in primary school system bribery, per student per semester
1.4.4.2. 2USD - 7USD in healthcare per patient per visit in a district hospital
2. Images, Maps, Charts
2.1. Health governance framework- chart
2.2. Current and planned anti-corruption reforms and governance linkages - table
2.3. % of Firm Answering Bribes are Common - Chart
2.4. Fraction of Firm with Bribe Payment Greater than 2% of Revenue - Chart
3. Controversy
3.1. Can corruption actually help in improving the economy?
3.1.1. Research paper - Trading Legitimacy: Everyday Corruption and Its Consequences for Medical Regulation in Southern Vietnam --> research in buying certifications in healthcare
3.1.2. If corruption makes it easier for people to do their business, then isn't it one way to make it easier for the people to earn money? Maybe?
4. What it is
4.1. Corruption in Vietnam started when Doi Moi began. Communist Party of Vietnam (CVP) implemented market-led economic reform.
4.1.1. Business entrepreneurs are heavily depended on state officials for the resources they need in order to establish and develop their business.
4.1.2. Top party officials are themselves prime beneficiaries of the corrupted system
4.1.2.1. only 5%of the population are CVP members
4.1.2.2. it is impossible for anyone to attain high positions in the government without being a member
4.2. Civil servants' salaries were insufficient to cover living expenses
4.2.1. the low salaries paid to public officials undoubtedly encourage them to supplement their income by various forms of petty corruption at the street level
4.2.1.1. teachers
4.2.1.2. public medical workers
4.2.1.3. police and traffic police
4.3. Government regulations are frequently unclear and overlapping
4.3.1. makes way for illicit private gain for employees and their families
4.3.2. risk of getting caught is low
5. Examples
5.1. Project Management Unit -18 scandal
5.1.1. 2005-2007
5.1.2. Corruptions of officials of the agency that distributed development aid for transportation projects
5.1.3. millions of US dollars were spent on gambling, prostitution and alcohol, and bribery to keep the people quiet
5.2. Asia Commercial Bank chairman Nguyen Duc Kien
5.2.1. 2012
5.2.2. Alleged for embezzling money, swindling shareholders and evading taxes
5.3. Vietnam National Shipping Lines chairman Duong Chi Dung
5.3.1. 2012
5.3.2. sentenced to death for falsifying invoices and embezzlement
5.3.3. other employees received 20 years in prison