1. Roadways
1.1. Benefits
1.1.1. Construction cost is less
1.1.2. Can be built on undulating terrain
1.1.3. Negotiate higher gradients of slopes of mountains
1.1.4. Door - to - door service
1.1.5. Feeder to other means of transport
1.2. Classification
1.2.1. Basis of Capacity
1.2.1.1. Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways
1.2.1.1.1. Links Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai
1.2.1.1.2. North-South Coridors
1.2.1.1.3. East-West Coridors
1.2.1.1.4. By National Highway Authority of India
1.2.1.2. National Highways
1.2.1.2.1. By Central Public Works Departement
1.2.1.3. State Highways
1.2.1.3.1. By State Public Works Departement
1.2.1.4. District Roads
1.2.1.4.1. By Zila Parishad
1.2.1.5. Other Roads
1.2.1.5.1. Rural Roads - under Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana
1.2.1.6. Border Roads
1.2.1.6.1. By Border Roads Organisation a Govertment of India
1.2.2. Basis of material used
1.2.2.1. Metalled
1.2.2.2. Unmetalled
2. Railways
2.1. Principal mode of transport for freight and passengers in India
2.2. Reorganised in 16 zones
2.3. Most convient in Northern Plains because of high industrial and agricultural activity
2.4. Challenges
2.4.1. Many travel without tickets
2.4.2. Thefts and damaging
2.4.3. Pull the chain and stop the rain
3. Pipelines
3.1. Transports crude oil, natural gas etc
3.2. Important pipeline networks
3.2.1. From oil field in Assam to Kanpur via Guwahati, Barauni and Allahabad
3.2.2. From Salaya to Jalandhar via Viramgam, Mathura, Delhi and Sonipat
3.2.3. Gas pipelines, from Hazira to Jagdishpur via Vijaipur (HVJ Pipeline)
4. Waterways
4.1. Cheapeast mode of transport
4.2. Inland Waterways
4.2.1. 14K km in length and about 5.6K km are navigable by mechanised boat
4.2.2. Mandavi, Zuari, Cumberjua, Sunderbans, Barak and backwaters of Kerala
4.3. National Waterways
4.3.1. Ganga river between Allahabad and Haldia - NW 1
4.3.2. Brahmaputra river between Sadiya and Dhubri - NW 2
4.3.3. West Coast Canal in Kerala - NW 3
4.3.4. Stretches of Godavari and Krishna along Kakinada Puducherry stretches - NW 4
4.3.5. Stretches of Brahmani, Matai river, delta channels of Mahanadi and Brahmani rivers, and East Coast Canals - NW 5
5. Major Sea Ports
5.1. Handle 95% of India's international trade.
5.2. Kandla
5.2.1. First port developed soon after Independence
5.2.1.1. Also known as Deendayal Port
5.2.1.1.1. Tidal Port
5.3. Mumbai
5.3.1. Biggest port with spacious and well sheltered harbour
5.3.1.1. Hub port - Jawarharlal Nehru port
5.4. Marmagoa
5.4.1. Premier iron ore exporting port of the country
5.5. Kochchi
5.5.1. Extreme south western port
5.6. Tuticorin
5.6.1. Extreme south-eastern port
5.6.1.1. Natura; harbour and rich hinterland
5.7. Chennai
5.7.1. Oldest artificial port
5.8. Vishakhapatnam
5.8.1. Deepest landlocked and well protected port
5.9. Paradwip port
5.9.1. Iron ore export
5.10. Kolkata
5.10.1. Inland riverine port
5.10.1.1. Rich hinterland of Ganga-Brahmaputra basin
5.10.1.1.1. Haldia Port - Subsidiary port of Kolkata
6. Airways
6.1. ⌛Fastest and most confortable mode of transport
6.2. Nationalised in 1953
6.2.1. Air India
6.2.2. Pawanhans Helicopters Ltd.
7. Communication
7.1. Personal Communication👤👤
7.1.1. 🏤 Indian postal Network
7.1.1.1. First class Mail
7.1.1.2. Second Class Mail
7.1.2. 📧 Mail Channels
7.1.2.1. Green Channel, Business Channel etc
7.1.3. ☎️ Telecom Networks
7.2. Mass Communication👥
7.2.1. Television and Radio
7.2.1.1. All India Radio (Akashwani)
7.2.1.2. Doordarshan
7.2.2. 📰 Newspapers, Periodicals and Magazines
7.2.3. Films
7.2.3.1. Central Board of Film Certification
8. International Trade
8.1. Exchange of goods and services between people, states and countries is called Trade
8.2. International Trade - between countries
8.3. Local Trade - between cities, towns and cities
8.4. State Trade - between states
8.5. ⚖️ Balance of Trade
8.5.1. Value of export exceeds value of imports - Favourable Balance of trade
8.5.2. Value of import exceeds value of exports - Unfavourable Balance of trade