1. How can probability be used to predict genetic traits?
1.1. In predicting genetic traits, the probability can be used from an offspring that will inherit a certain trait or disease.
1.2. Examples
1.2.1. When both of a person's parents have brown eyes, there is a high probability that their child will have brown eyes too.
1.2.2. Another example is that when your Dad has brown eyes and your Mom has green eyes, you are more likely to have brown eyes since the genes in brown eyes are more dominant than green eyes.
2. Heredity
2.1. Heredity refers to the passing on of traits and physical features from parents to their children through genes.
3. Genes
3.1. Genes refers to the sets of instructions in each human cell that determine inherited physical features and other traits.
3.1.1. Dominant: Stronger genes and in control.
3.1.2. Recessive: Weaker genes than dominant.
4. Human Characteristics/Traits
4.1. Earlobe attachment
4.1.1. Detached earlobe are earlobes that hanged free, while attached earlobe connects directly to the sides of the head.
4.2. Tongue rolling
4.2.1. A person can curl up the sides of their tongue to form a tube shape.
4.3. Dimples
4.3.1. A small, natural indentations on the cheeks. They can appear on one or both sides, and they often change with age.
4.4. Handedness
4.4.1. Preference for using either our left or right hand in doing activities.
4.5. Freckles
4.5.1. Small, concentrated spots of a skin pigment called melanin.
4.6. Curly hair
4.6.1. Curly hair are c-shaped hair follicles make curly hair. Oval hair follicles makes wavy hair, and round hair follicles make straight hair.
4.7. Hand clasping
4.7.1. When folding hands together by interlocking fingers, left or right thumb can be on top.
4.8. Red/Green Colorblindness
4.8.1. A color deficiency, people with it will have difficulties in seeing different shades of red, green, and yellow.
4.9. Hairline shape
4.9.1. Widow's peak is when the hairline forms a point at the center of the forehead, while straight hairline doesn't have widow's peak.
4.10. PTC tasting
4.10.1. Chemical PTC (phenylthiocarbamide) tastes very bitter or tasteless.
5. Genetic Disorders
5.1. Albinism
5.1.1. A genetic condition where people have no or very little color in their hair, skin and eyes.
5.2. Angelman
5.2.1. It causes physical and intellectual disability.
5.3. Ankylosing spondylitis
5.3.1. It affects the spine’s joints and ligaments and sometimes other joints.
5.4. Apert
5.4.1. Abnormal shaped skull, fused fingers and toes.
5.5. Charcot-Marie-Tooth
5.5.1. A genetic condition that affects the nervous system, usually the hand and foot muscles first.
5.6. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
5.6.1. Affecting the hormones and will have health problems.
5.7. Cystic fibrosis (CF)
5.7.1. A disease that affects the lungs and digestive system.
5.8. Down syndrome
5.8.1. Causes learning difficulties, with a greater chance of health problems.
5.9. Duchenne muscular dystrophy
5.9.1. Gradual loss of muscle function, affecting everyday activity.
5.10. Ehlers-Danlos
5.10.1. Very loose joints and easily bruised or stretchy skin.
5.11. Fragile X
5.11.1. Intellectual disability, behavioural and learning difficulties, and physical problems.
5.12. Haemochromatosis
5.12.1. Body will absorb too much iron, leading to organ damage.
5.13. Haemophilia
5.13.1. Stops blood from clotting properly, causing abnormal bleeding.
5.14. Huntington’s disease
5.14.1. It affects the nervous system and worsens over time. The symptoms include difficulty controlling limbs, and cognitive and emotional changes.
5.15. Klinefelter
5.15.1. Symptoms can include small genitals and infertility in males.
5.16. Marfan
5.16.1. Affecting tissues that strengthens and stabilises joints and muscles. People with it are often tall and long-limbed.
5.17. Neurofibromatosis
5.17.1. A genetic condition characterised by benign tumours.
5.18. Noonan
5.18.1. Odd facial features, restricted growth and heart defects.
5.19. Prader-Willi
5.19.1. Sleeping and breathing problems and have an insatiable appetite.
5.20. Rett syndrome
5.20.1. Intellectual and physical disability.
5.21. Tay-Sachs
5.21.1. Develop slowly, and loses vision and speech.
5.22. Thalassaemia
5.22.1. It prevents someone from making enough healthy haemoglobin to carry oxygen around the body.
5.23. Tourette
5.23.1. Make involuntary repetitive sounds and movements.
5.24. Turner syndrome
5.24.1. Sensory, developmental and hormonal symptoms.
5.25. Von Willebrand
5.25.1. Trouble controlling bleeding because the blood clotting factor is absent, low or defective.
5.26. Williams syndrome
5.26.1. Problems in development, learning and medical. But children with it will often have well developed language and music skills.