African Resistance to Colonial Rule

1. Cultural and Religious

1.1. Local movements resist European colonial policies

1.2. 1929 Igbo Women's War

1.3. Removed themselves from sphere of influence

1.4. Ahmadou Bamba aimed to protect Islam's

2. Political

2.1. Collaborating with European generals and administrators

2.2. Organized Parties and Trade Unions

2.3. Sékou Touré resisted French association

2.4. Mass uprisings and civil protests in South Africa

2.5. Soweto uprising of 1976

2.6. Protected best interests at heart

3. Military

3.1. States defending itself from European invaders

3.2. Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya (1952–60)

3.3. Zimbabwe's war of independence (1965–79)

3.4. All-out war in the Portuguese colonies (1961–74)

3.5. Guerrilla attacks

3.6. Aggressive military confrontation and invasions