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ALGAE af Mind Map: ALGAE

1. GREEN ALGAE

1.1. CHARACTERISTIC

1.1.1. Body is not differentiated into root,stems and leaves.

1.1.2. Cells are covered by a rigid cellulose cell wall

1.1.3. It store food in the form of starch

1.1.4. It contain chlorophylla a and b

1.1.5. Some are single cell like Chlamydomonas, some form colonies like Volvox and some are multi-cellular like Ulva or sea lettuce.

1.2. HABITAT

1.2.1. green algea can be found in fresh and salt water and moist areas on land

1.3. BENEFIT/HARMFUL

1.3.1. rich in vitamin A,C,E and B-complex vitamins,including vitamins B12 and B6

1.3.2. highly alkaline and help fight cancer

1.3.3. stimulates your body healing,repair and regenerate

1.3.4. has high levels of iron,which is beneficial for anemic people and pregnant or lactating women

2. BROWN ALGAE

2.1. CHARACTERISTIC

2.1.1. Cell wall of brown algea is composed of two layers; the inner cellulose layer and the outer layer is compsed of mixture of pectic material and algin.

2.1.2. The body is always immobile and multicellular.

2.1.3. Food reserves are laminarin, mannitol and fats and lack true starch.

2.1.4. The Pigments include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll c, carotene, xanthophyll and fucoxanthin (a special brown pigment).

2.1.5. Some members of brown algea have adaptive bladders, meant for floating photosynthetic parts on or near the water surface for harvesting light.

2.2. HABITAT

2.2.1. Most brown algae live in a wide marine environment; tidal, intertidal and deep zones.

2.3. BENEFIT/HARMFUL

2.3.1. contain several chemicals that work as antioxidants that have effects on heart disease and diabetes.

2.3.2. contains Iodine and Tyrosine, Which Support Thyroid Function

2.3.3. contains small amounts of vitamins A, C, E and K, along with folate, zinc, sodium, calcium and magnesium.

2.3.4. considered to have anti-obesity effects. It has a substance in brown algea called fucoxanthin may help reduce body fat.

2.3.5. contains carbohydrates called fucans, which may help prevent blood from clotting and reduce heart disease risk

3. DIATOMS

3.1. CHARACTERISTIC

3.1.1. eukaryotes and a single cell algae

3.1.2. live as a unicellular cell or lives in colonies

3.1.3. primary producer in a food chain for it is a phytoplankton

3.1.4. have special cell wall made up from silica

3.1.5. cell wall composed of transparent opaline silica and ornamented by intricate and striking pattern silica

3.1.6. silica cell wall of diatom is called frustule which consist of two separate shell that overlap each other like petri dish

3.2. HABITAT

3.2.1. can be found anywhere with sufficient light source since most of them require light energy for photosynthesis.

3.2.2. can be found both in marine and freshwater.

3.3. BENEFITS/HARMFUL

3.3.1. produce 25-40% of the air in our ecosystem. Diatoms remove carbon dioxide in the atmosphere through carbon fixation. The carbon dioxide is converted to sugar and oxygen is released.

3.3.2. produce long chain fatty acid and energy rich molecule that gives nutrient fromm zooplankton, aquatic insect, fish and whale as well.

3.3.3. vital organism in monitoring biotic conditions of water.

3.3.4. release toxic chemicals when damage occur in their cell wall.

4. DINOFLAGELLATES

4.1. CHARACTERISTIC

4.1.1. eukaryotic algae

4.1.2. Some of them are photosynthetic meanwhile there are some which are heterothrophic as well.

4.1.3. have two whip like flagella which they use for movement.

4.1.4. largest dinoflagellates are called noctiluca which is 2mm in diameter

4.1.5. phylum of dinoflagellates are called pyrrhophyta

4.2. HABITAT

4.2.1. can be found in all aquatic environments, but are most common in marine areas. A small number of species can be found in snow or wet sand.

4.3. BENEFIT/HARMFUL

4.3.1. toxins attack the neurological system, causing illnesses such as Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning, Ciguatera Fish Poisoning, and Possible Estuarine Associated Syndrome.

4.3.2. have medical benefits. For example, the paralyzing phototoxin Gonyautoxin has been shown to heal anal fissures.

4.3.3. important components of the microbial loop in the oceans

4.3.4. help channel significant amounts of energy into planktonic food webs.

5. CHARACTERISTIC

5.1. EUKARYOTIC ORGANISM

5.2. NO ROOTS,STEMS OR LEAVES BUT DO HAVE CLOROPHYLL AND OTHER PIGMENTS TO CARRY OUT PHOTOSYNTHESIS

5.3. CAN BE MULTICELLULAR OR UNICELLULAR

6. HABITAT

6.1. HALOPHYTIC ALGAE(EURHALINE)

6.1.1. GROW IN HIGHLY CONCENTRATED SALT LAKES

6.1.2. EXAMPLE:DUNALIELLA AND STEPHANOPIERA

6.2. SYMBIOTIC ALGAE

6.2.1. GROW ASSOCIATION WITH FUNGI,BRYOPHTES,GYMNOSPERMS OR ANGIOSPERMS

6.2.2. EXAMPLE:NOSTOC,GLOEOCAPSA,CYTOCOCUS AND PLEUROCOCCUS

6.3. CRYOPHYTIC ALGAE

6.3.1. GROWING ON SNOW OR ICE WHICH PROVIDES ATTRACTIVE COLOURS TO SNOW-COVERED MOUNTAINS

6.3.2. EXAMPLE:ALPINE,AND ARTIC MOUNTAIN BECOMES RED

6.4. THERMOPHYTES/THERMAL ALGAE

6.4.1. OCCURS IN HOT WATER SPRINGS

6.4.2. EXAMPLE:OSCILLATORIA BREVIS AND HETEROHORMOGONIUM

6.5. LITHOPHYTES

6.5.1. GROW ON MOST SURFACE OF STONES AND ROCKS

6.5.2. EXAMPLE;NOSTOC,GLOEOCAPSA AND ENTEROMOFPHA

6.6. EPIPHYTIC ALGAE

6.6.1. GROW ON OTHER PLANTS INCLUDING OTHER ALGAE

7. REPRODUCTION

7.1. VEGETATIVE

7.1.1. CELL DIVISION OR FUSION

7.1.2. DIVIDE MITOTICALLY INTO TWO DAUGHTER CELLS THAT BEHAVE AS NEW INDIVIDUAL

7.1.3. EXAMPLE:CHLAMYDOMONAS,SYNECHECOCCUS AND DIATOMS

7.2. HORMOGONIA

7.2.1. FOUND IN BLUE-GREEN ALGAE

7.2.2. BREAK UP WITHIN THE SHEATH INTO MANY CELL SEGMENTS CALLED HORMOGONIA

7.2.3. REMAIN DELIMITED BY THE FORMATION OF HETEROCYTS,SEPARATION DISCS OR NECRIDIA OR BY DEATH AND DECAY OF INTERCALARY CELLS OF TRICHOME

7.3. ADVENTITIOUS BRANCHES

7.3.1. FORMED IN DIFFERENT LARGE THALLOID ALGAE

7.3.2. EXAMPLE;FUCUS AND DICTYOTA

7.4. FRAGMENTATION

7.4.1. MULTICELLULAR FILAMENTOUS THALLUS BREAKS INTO MANY CELLS FRAGMENTS WHICH GIVE RISE TO A NEW INDIVIDUAL

7.4.2. ACCIDENTAL OR BY THE FORMATION OF SEPARATION DISCS OR BY THE MECHANICAL FORCE OR INJURY

7.4.3. EXAMPLE;SPIROGYIA,ULOTHRIX AND ZYGNEMA

7.5. ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

7.5.1. ENDOSPORE

7.5.1.1. FORMED BY DIVISION OF THE MOTHER PROTOPLAST(CONIDIA/GONIDIA

7.5.1.2. SET FREE AFTER THE DISSOLUTION OF MOTHER WAIL,THE SPORES GERMINATE DIRECTLY AND DEVELOP INTO A NEW PLANT

7.5.1.3. EXAMPLE:BERMOCARPA

7.5.2. EXOSPORES

7.5.2.1. SPORES ARE CUT OFF AT THE EXPOSED DISTAL END OF THE PHOTOPLAST IN BASI PETAL SUCCESSION

7.5.2.2. SPORES AGGREGATE IN GROUPS AND DEVELOP NEW COLONIES

7.5.2.3. EXAMPLE:CHAMAESIPHON

7.6. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

7.6.1. AUTOGAMY

7.6.1.1. FUSING GAMETES ARE DEVELOP FROM THE SAME MOTHER CELL AND FORM ZYGOTE

7.6.1.2. DOES NOT SHOW THE INTRODUCTION OF ANY NEW CHARACTERISTIC

7.6.1.3. EXAMPLE:DIATOM

7.6.2. ISOGAMY

7.6.2.1. PROCESS OF UNION WHICH ARE MORPHOLOGICALLY AND PHYSIOLOGICALLY SIMILAR

7.6.2.2. EXAMPLE:CHLAMYDOMONAS EUGOMETUS

7.6.3. OOGAMY

7.6.3.1. ADVANCE PROCESS WHERE FERTILIZATION TAKE PLACE BETWEEN A SMALL MOTILE MALE GAMETE WITH A LARGE NON-MOTILE FEMALE GAMETE

7.6.3.2. MALE GAMETE DEVELOP WITHIN THE ANTHERIDIUM WHERE AS THE FEMALE GAMETE WITHIN THE OOGONIUM

7.6.3.3. EXAMPLE:OEDOGONIUM,LAMINARIA AND SARGASSUM

8. RED ALGAE

8.1. CHARACTERISTIC

8.1.1. absence of flagell and centrioles

8.1.2. floridean starch as a storage product and the storage ofstarch in cytoplasm

8.1.3. unstacked thylakoids in plastids

8.1.4. no chloroplast endoplasmic reticulum

8.2. HABITAT

8.2.1. found at polar waters to the tropics and commonly found in tide pools and in coral reefs

8.2.2. can survive at greater depths in the ocean

8.3. BENEFITS/HARMFUL

8.3.1. used of commercial uses

8.3.2. as agar for growing bacteria and fungi for research perpose

8.3.3. causes of red tides which release neurotoxic to environment