1. Political Impact
1.1. Biased/Unfair Elections
1.1.1. A: Sabotage
1.2. POFMA Legislation implemented
1.2.1. A: Public
1.3. Governments get to decide what is considered Fake News
1.4. Propaganda Tool/Agenda Setting
1.4.1. A: Politicians
1.4.1.1. B: Media Watchdog groups (e.g. AllSides)
2. Individual
2.1. Personal Responsibility
2.1.1. Fact Checking
2.1.2. Question Credibility/Reliability of source
2.1.2.1. A: Media & Journalist
2.1.2.1.1. B: BBC/The Straits Times/Reuters/Global Witness
2.1.3. Mindful Sharing
2.1.3.1. A: People who share mindlessly
2.1.3.1.1. B: Game/App Company
2.1.4. A need to educate others not to spread false information without verifying the source
2.1.4.1. A: Elderly
2.1.4.2. A: Parents
2.1.4.3. A: Students
2.1.4.3.1. B: Kaplan, KUMON
2.2. Distorted sense of reality due to misinformation
2.2.1. Inability to differentiate right from wrong
2.2.1.1. A: Elderly
2.2.1.1.1. B: Government Agencies
2.2.2. Constant paranoia and doubt
3. Social Impact
3.1. Self Blame/Hatred/Incite Fear (Coronavirus doctor's diary: 'Fake news makes patients think we want them to die': https://www.bbc.com/news/health-52337951)
3.1.1. A: Covid-19 Patients
3.1.2. A: Patients suffering from Mental Health
3.1.2.1. B: Social Causes/NPO (e.g. World Federation for Mental Health, Happiness Initiative)
3.2. Cause distress and incite violence ('Some spreading fake news about foreign worker dorms to incite violence: Shanmugam': https://www.straitstimes.com/ singapore/some-people-spreading-fake-news-about-foreign-worker-dorms -to-incite-violence-shanmugam)
3.2.1. A: Foreign Workers
3.2.1.1. B: Humanitarian Organization for Migration Economics (HOME)
4. Community Impact
4.1. Result in distrust between groups of people/communities
4.1.1. A: Religious Groups/Communities
4.1.1.1. B: Rise Against Racism campaign
4.2. On-the-ground initiatives created by communities and NPO to call out fake news
4.2.1. A: Public
4.2.1.1. B: The Hidden Good (SG), The Straits Times
4.3. Leaking personal and sensitive information
4.3.1. A: Public
4.3.1.1. B: EC-Council, Apple, Telegram, KkaokkaoTalk
5. Economic Impact
5.1. Rise in scams
5.1.1. More stringent checks & verification being implemented
5.1.1.1. A: Elderly
5.1.1.1.1. B: The Hidden Good (SG), Hoax Slayer
5.1.1.2. A: Youths
5.1.1.2.1. B: Scam Alert (SG), Hoax Slayer, econsumer.gov (International)
5.1.1.3. A: Family