1. SUPRASENTENTIAL
1.1. Backgrounding and foregrounding
1.1.1. Background
1.1.2. Foregrounding
1.1.3. Often distinguishes one from another are their verb tenses.
1.2. Cohesion
1.2.1. Have an organizational structure of their own
1.2.2. Five linguistic mechanisms
1.2.2.1. Reference
1.2.2.2. Ellipsis
1.2.2.3. Substitution
1.2.2.4. Conjunction
1.2.2.5. Lexical cohesion
1.3. Register
1.3.1. To mean the level of formality of language.
1.3.2. Three variables
1.3.2.1. Field
1.3.2.1.1. refers to the social activity in which the language is being used and what is being talk about.
1.3.2.1.2. is reflected in choices of content words.
1.3.2.2. Tenor
1.3.2.2.1. is concerned with the roles and relationships of interlocutors.
1.3.2.3. Mode
1.3.2.3.1. refers to the channel of communication
1.4. Genre
1.4.1. refers to linguistics variation
1.4.2. the variation is due to the communicative purpose to which the language is put.
1.4.3. level of formality
1.5. Given/New
1.5.1. there is a close relationship between this pair and the way information is distributed among sentences in a text
1.5.2. Given
1.5.2.1. is that which is assumed by the writer to be known by the reader
1.5.3. New
1.5.3.1. not something the writer can take for granted that the reader knows.
2. SUBSENTENTIAL
2.1. Classifying words
2.1.1. Semantic
2.1.2. Structural
2.1.3. Functional criteria
2.2. Parts of speech
2.2.1. Major
2.2.1.1. Nouns
2.2.1.1.1. Is the name of a person, place or thing.
2.2.1.2. Verbs
2.2.1.2.1. Is that it is a word that denotes an action or state of being.
2.2.1.3. Adjectives
2.2.1.3.1. Adjective is that it describes or denotes the qualities of something.
2.2.1.4. Adverbs
2.2.1.4.1. Modify verbs and contribute meaning of various sorts of sentences.
2.2.2. Content words
2.2.3. Minor
2.2.3.1. Auxiliary verbs
2.2.3.2. Prepositions
2.2.3.2.1. Connect words to other parts of a sentence and have a close relationship with the word.
2.2.3.3. Pronouns
2.2.3.3.1. Refer to or replace nouns and noun phrases within a text or as direct reference to an outside situation
2.2.3.4. Determiners
2.2.3.4.1. Various types of words fit into this category
2.2.3.5. Conjunctions
2.2.3.5.1. are words that join
2.2.4. Function words
3. SENTENTIAL
3.1. A clause
3.1.1. Simple
3.1.1.1. Contains at least one subject and one verb and can stand alone as an independent clause
3.1.1.2. Five basic simple sentence patterns
3.1.1.2.1. 1. Subject + Verb: The building collapse.
3.1.1.2.2. 2. Subject + Verb + Object: They bought a new car.
3.1.1.2.3. 3. Subject + Verb + Indirect object + Direct object: She wrote him a letter.
3.1.1.2.4. 4. Subject + Verb + Subject predicate: Janet is my friend.
3.1.1.2.5. 5. Subject + Verb + Object + Object predicate: He makes me happy.
3.1.2. Compound
3.1.2.1. Consists of two or more clauses of equal grammar importance
3.1.2.1.1. i.g He went to the party, but I stayed home.
3.1.3. Complex
3.1.3.1. Contains a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses
3.1.3.1.1. i.g. Peggy frequently calls because she wants to stay in touch.
3.2. Sentence Mood
3.2.1. indicative
3.2.2. interrogative
3.2.3. imperative
3.2.4. Two minor moods
3.2.4.1. exclamatory
3.2.4.2. subjunctive
3.3. Theme/Rheme
3.3.1. Theme
3.3.1.1. Provides the framework for interpreting what follows
3.3.2. Rheme
3.3.2.1. The remainder of the message in the clause
3.4. Markedness
3.4.1. It refers to an untypical use of something
3.5. Voice
3.5.1. Two kinds
3.5.1.1. Active voice
3.5.1.1.1. the subject functions as the theme
3.5.1.2. Passive voice
3.5.1.2.1. the thing acted upon by the agent