Independence Revolutions
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1. THE LACK OF A KING, OCCASION OF AMERICAN BOARDS
1.1. When proclaiming the Sovereign Boards, the South American Creoles held three theses: 1. The rejection of Napoleon's claims to America 2. The loyalty to Ferdinand VII and 3. the illegitimacy of both Joseph Bonaparte and the colonial authorities appointed by the Spanish king, who no longer had any power.
2. FROM THE BOARDS TO THE WARS OF INDEPENDENCE
2.1. The Spanish authorities fiercely repressed the first of the cities. After the defeat, the armies of Lima and Bogota occupied the city, and a year later, on August 2, 1810, they murdered 300 patriots and citizens, which shook entire America. In the beginning, the Juntas were called interim until the legitimate king returned. But the reaction of the Spaniards led to the polarization of the positions and the creole elites multiplied, since 1811. The military reaction of the colonial authorities was immediate. The Creole reaction was increasingly strong and organized, which turned the process into a true continental war that lasted for several years.
3. HAITI AND SANTO DOMINGO
3.1. François Dominique Toussaint-Louverture took charge of a slave revolt 1793 and 1802. In 1803, Jean Jacques Dessalines finally defeated the French troops and, in 1804, declared the independence of Haiti. It was, thus, the second independent country in America, in this case, led by blacks. In 1822, Haitian troops subdued the eastern part of the island of Hispaniola, which would regain its independence from Haiti in 1844. But what will be called the Dominican Republic will not achieve independence from Spain until 1865, after a war that left the country devastated.
4. CENTRAL AMERICA
4.1. Guatemala with its provinces (Chiapas, Soconusco, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Los Altos, and Costa Rica) declared its independence (15-09-1821) and, shortly after, Mexico. One year later, Guatemala and its provinces formed an independent state, of federal character, with the name of United
4.2. Provinces of the Center of America, being its capital city of Guatemala. However, local oligarchies promoted separation. This led to a civil war (1838- 1840), in which Guatemala could not prevail. England invaded Nicaragua but was rejected, although it remained with the enclave of Belize.
4.3. Panama belonged to the Viceroyalty of New Granada and, therefore, became independent along with Colombia. Of this one separated in 1904, by the direct action of EE. UU, to control the Panama Canal promoted the formation of a separate republic.
5. In1868, the scream of Lares, of independence against Spain, was produced. The rebellion ended in a short time. Puerto Rico continues within the Spanish system until the war between EE. UU and Spain. After the defeat of this, the island of Puerto Rico happens to be administered by EE. UU and is currently an associated free state of that country. Consequently, t is not an independent country.
6. THE INDEPENDENCE IN LATIN AMERICA
6.1. It was the historical process of the rebellion of its inhabitants against the Spanish colonial rule. It began in 1809. First in Quito It was repressed with fire and blood by the Spanish authorities. After that It became a true continental war.
7. CAUSES OF LATIN AMERICA INDEPENDENCE
7.1. Economic. The Bourbon reforms drowned the economy of the colonies by preventing intraregional trade and imposing excessive taxation.
7.1.1. SocialThe disputes between Spaniards and creoles for management positions extended to all areas.
7.1.1.1. Ideological. The forerunners of independence highlighted the value of their own and raised the alternative of the fatherland as a separate entity from Spain.
7.1.1.1.1. Influence of US independence and the French Revolution. And Napoleon names king of Spain