1.1. **Ethnicity:** is one of the most powerful identities that humans develop: it is a sense of connection to a group of people who we believe share a common history, culture, and (sometimes) ancestry and who are distinct from others outside the group" (Guest 240). Nationalism: emerges when a sense of ethnic community combines with a desire to create and maintain a nation-state (Guest 254)
1.2. I've always known ethnicity could be a complicated topic, I myself sometime struggle with navigating the western world, while also remaining attached to my culture,
2. Ch 8: Gender
2.1. **Gender:** is composed of the expectations of thought and behavior that each culture assigns to people of different sexes. (Guest 273)
2.2. "Unnecessarily gendered products help shape the gender ideology—the set of ideas—that makes gender inequality seem reasonable and rational. They explicitly tell us that women and men play different and unequal roles, that women should be subordinate to men and dependent upon them. Girls should be nurses and boys doctors (who makes more money and has more status?). Girls should be princesses and boys kings (who is in charge?)." (Guest 281).
3. Ch 6: Race and Racism
3.1. "race is a deeply influential system of thinking that affects people and institutions--schools, places of worship, media, political parties, economic practices--and have organized the allocation of wealth, power, and privilege, at all levels of society. Race has served to create and justify patterns of power and inequality within cultures worldwide, and many people have learned to see those patterns as normal and reasonable." (Guest 197)
3.2. **Race:** as a flawed system of classification, created, and re-created over time, that uses certain physical characteristics (such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, and eye color) to divide the human population into a few supposedly discrete biological group. (guest 197) **Racism:** individuals’ thoughts and actions, as well as institutional patterns and policies, that create or reproduce unequal access to power, privilege, resources, and opportunities based on imagined differences among groups (Guest 197)
4. Ch 9: Sexuality
4.1. "These mostly poor, rural, black women hope to reap some of the benefits of globalization, too, through **sex work**---that is, providing commercial sexual services to foreign tourists. If white European sex tourists have fantasies of sexual pleasure with exotic native women, the women of the Dominican Republic have their own fantasies. They believe that the money they earn will help release them and their families from the hardships of life in their largely rural, underdeveloped country. Even more fantastical, they hope to marry one of these tourist men—who they imagine will help them acquire a European visa, take them away, and enable them to escape their world of poverty and limited opportunities. If they can find romance along the way, all the better." (page 338)
4.2. **sexuality:** is the complex range of desires, beliefs, and behaviors that are related to erotic physical contact, intimacy, and pleasure. Second, sexuality is the cultural arena within which people debate ideas of what kinds of physical desires and behaviors are morally right, appropriate, and “natural” and use those ideas to create unequal access to status, power, privileges, and resources. (Guest 314).
5. Ch 5: Human Origins
5.1. "Genetic studies of mitochondrial DNA—passed down from generation to generation through our mothers—on people worldwide indicate that all living modern humans have a matrilineal “most common ancestor.” This ancestor lived in Africa approximately 170,000 years ago—that is, eight thousand generations back from the present" (Guest 160).
5.2. This section of the textbook talks about DNA and dives in DNA analysis. The studies of DNA have supposedly shown where our ancestors came from, but I don't know how accurate the science is.
6. Ch 4: Language
6.1. Human language uses an infinite number of forms to communicate a vast array of information. We communicate through poetry, prose, gestures, signs, touch, text messaging—even anthropology textbooks. Not only can we communicate content in great detail, but we also have the wondrous capacity to share the content of our imaginations, our anger, fear, joy, and the deepest longings of our souls." (Guest 112).
6.2. **Language:** is a system of communication that uses symbols—such as words, sounds, and gestures—organized according to certain rules, to convey any kind of information. (Guest 113)
7. Ch 2: Culture
7.1. "A culture creates a concept such as time. Then we arbitrarily divide it into millennia, centuries, decades, years, seasons, months, weeks, hours, morning, afternoon, evening, minutes, seconds. Categories of time are assumed to be scientific, universal, and “natural.” But mostly they are cultural constructs. The current Gregorian calendar, which is used in much of the world, was introduced in 1582 by the Catholic Church, but its adoption occurred gradually; it was accepted in the United States in 1756, replacing the earlier Julian calendar, and in China in 1949." (Guest 41)
7.2. Culture: is a system of knowledge, beliefs, patterns of behavior, artifacts, and institutions that are created, learned, shared, and contested by a group of people. (Guest 35)
8. Ch 12: The Global Economy
8.1. economy: is a cultural adaptation to the environment—a set of ideas, activities, and technologies that enable a group of humans to use the available land, resources, and labor to satisfy their basic needs and, if organized well, to thrive. (Guest 440)
8.2. "Recent centuries have intensified the integration of all humanity into an interconnected global economy. Although images from National Geographic magazine or Discovery Channel programs often imply that human history is a story of isolated tribes with little or no outside contact or exchange, anthropological research tells a different story. It is one of connection and encounter, not isolation." (Guest 448)
9. Ch 13: Migration
9.1. pushes and pulls: People are pushed to migrate from their home community by poverty, famine, natural disasters, war, ethnic conflict, genocide, disease, or political or religious oppression. (Guest 489)
9.2. "Globally, immigration includes people from a wide variety of class backgrounds, ranging from refugees fleeing war or natural disaster, to unskilled workers with little education, to well-educated doctors and elite corporate businesspeople. The immigration debates raging on evening news programs in the United States might give the impression that all migrants to the United States are poor, undocumented, and from Mexico. But these impressions would be wrong. Most migrants to the United States do not fit this description." (Guest 494)
10. Ch 14: Politics and Power
10.1. Power: is often described as the ability or potential to bring about change through action or influence—either one’s own or that of a group or institution. (Guest 526)
10.2. "the chiefdom—an autonomous political unit composed of a number of villages or communities under the permanent control of a paramount chief (Carneiro 1981)—represented a transitional form between the simpler political structures of tribes and the more complex political structures of states. As in bands and tribes, the social relations of the chiefdom were built around extended kinship page533networks or lineages. The chiefdom might encompass thousands of people spread over many villages." (Guest 532)
11. Ch 11: Class and Inequality
11.1. class: we refer to a system of power based on wealth, income, and status that creates an unequal distribution of the society’s resources
11.2. "Poor Whites in Rural Kentucky In Worked to the Bone: Race, Class, Power, and Privilege in Kentucky (2001), anthropologist Pem Davidson Buck provides a dynamic introduction to intersectionality. She analyzes the intersections of class, race, and gender through the history of the poor white population in two rural Kentucky counties. Here, the privileges often associated with whiteness in the United States have been severely limited by class. Buck traces the development of an economic system built on tobacco cultivation, coal mining, and manufacturing that has created a class hierarchy in which “sweat is made to trickle up” (13). In other words (reflecting Marx’s theory), the surplus value of workers’ labor drains upward into the hands of successive layers of elites." (Guest 405 )
12. Ch 10: Kinship, Family, and Marriage
12.1. "Poor Whites in Rural Kentucky In Worked to the Bone: Race, Class, Power, and Privilege in Kentucky (2001), anthropologist Pem Davidson Buck provides a dynamic introduction to intersectionality. She analyzes the intersections of class, race, and gender through the history of the poor white population in two rural Kentucky counties. Here, the privileges often associated with whiteness in the United States have been severely limited by class. Buck traces the development of an economic system built on tobacco cultivation, coal mining, and manufacturing that has created a class hierarchy in which “sweat is made to trickle up” (13). In other words (reflecting Marx’s theory), the surplus value of workers’ labor drains upward into the hands of successive layers of elites." (Guest 405 )
12.2. "Kinship patterns are rapidly changing around the world in response to cultural shifts, changing gender roles, new imaginations of marriage, technological advances, and processes of globalization." (Guest 376)
13. Ch 15: Religion
13.1. Religion: A set of beliefs and rituals based on a unique vision of how the world ought to be, often focused on a supernatural power and lived out in community. (Guest 573)
13.2. "Anthropology has a long history of studying cultures where magic is practiced and witches are real. Magic involves the use of spells, incantations, words, and actions in an attempt to compel supernatural forces to act in certain ways, whether for good or for evil. Magic is part of cultural practices in every part of the world. And religion, almost everywhere, contains some components of magic." (Guest 588)
14. Ch 1: Anthropology in a Global Age
14.1. "Globalization and anthropology are intricately intertwined, both in history and in the contemporary world. As we have noted, the page18field of anthropology emerged in the mid-nineteenth century during a time of intense globalization. At that time, technological inventions in transportation and communication were consolidating a period of colonial encounter, the slave trade, and the emerging capitalist economic system and were enabling deeper interactions of people across cultures. Early anthropologists sought to organize the vast quantity of information being accumulated about people across the globe, though, unlike most contemporary anthropologists, who conduct research in the field, they did so primarily from the comfort of their own homes and meeting halls." (Guest 18)
14.2. Anthropology: is the study of the full scope of human diversity, past and present, and the application of that knowledge to help people of different backgrounds better understand one another. (Guest 7)
