1. Graphs
1.1. DRY
1.1.1. Dependent Responsive Y-axis (Up and down)
1.2. MIX
1.2.1. Manipulated Independent X-axis (side to side)
1.3. Lenses
1.3.1. L
1.3.1.1. Label and list
1.3.1.1.1. What is the title
1.3.1.1.2. What is the independent variable with units
1.3.1.1.3. What is the dependent variable with units
1.3.1.1.4. What are the High and low points
1.3.2. E
1.3.2.1. Equation
1.3.2.1.1. As the IV________, the DV _________.
1.3.3. N
1.3.3.1. Notice
1.3.3.1.1. What do you observe about the graph
1.3.4. S
1.3.4.1. Spectacular
1.3.4.1.1. Predict an intermediate data point
1.3.4.1.2. Hypothesis what will happen to the dependent variable if the IV increases
1.3.5. E
1.3.5.1. Explain/Evaluate
1.3.5.1.1. Is there info that is not assessed by the graph that would allow for a better understanding
1.3.6. S
1.3.6.1. Summary
1.3.6.1.1. Give 1 sentence summarizing the content you learned
2. Investigators
2.1. Claim
2.1.1. What you think
2.2. Evidence
2.2.1. Evidence to your claim
2.3. Reasoning
2.3.1. Explain why your evidence backs up your claim
3. Jacques Charles
3.1. French scientist
3.2. Made a science law
3.2.1. Charles law
3.2.1.1. Volume of a gas increases with increasing temperature,if the pressure is the same. Volume of a gas decreases whith deacresing tempurature. This is because the more energy there is, the faster gas particles move
3.2.1.1.1. Example
3.2.1.2. Thermal contraction
3.2.1.2.1. Decrease in volume as its temp decreases.
3.2.1.3. Thermal expansion
3.2.1.3.1. Increases in volume as the temp increases
3.2.1.4. Heating
3.2.1.4.1. The transfer of thermal energy from a region of higher temp to a region of low temp.
3.2.1.5. Systems
3.2.1.5.1. The materials or objects involved in a transfer of energy. This is a open system because energy is released into the environment. In a situation of a closed system, there is no exchange of energy with the environment ( In theory is impossible)
4. Robert Boyales
4.1. Made a science law
4.1.1. Boyales law
4.1.1.1. Pressure and Volume
4.1.1.1.1. When there is less space to move around, the particles that make up the gas collide with each other and the container. This is a increase in pressure.
4.1.1.1.2. When there is more space to move around, the particles collide less frequently with each other and the container. It is a decrease in pressure
4.1.1.1.3. This happens when you submerge deep into the ocean. The pressure increases, causing your ears to pop
4.1.1.2. Pressure and Number of particles
4.1.1.2.1. With an increase in particles there will be a increase in the number of particle collisions. That means pressure will increase because there will be less space between the particles
4.1.1.2.2. When there is a decrease in particles, there will be a decrease in collisions, and less pressure as a result.
4.1.2. Types of relation ships
4.1.2.1. Pressure/volume
4.1.2.1.1. Increase the volume lowers the pressure
4.1.2.2. Pressure/ number of particles
4.1.2.2.1. Increase the number of particles increases the pressure
4.1.2.3. Pressure/Temperature
4.1.2.3.1. Increase the temperature increases the pressure
4.2. Video
4.3. British scientist
5. Phase change
5.1. Melting
5.1.1. Particles in a solid that begins to gain more energy until they can break away from other particles.
5.1.2. This is know as the melting point of a substance.
5.2. Vaporization
5.2.1. The change of state from a liquid into a gas.
5.2.2. As thermal energy is added to a liquid, the particles move faster until they overcome the forces holding them together.
5.2.3. The temp needed to reach this level is know as the boiling point
5.3. Evaporation
5.3.1. Evaporation is just vaporization is that occurs only at the surface of a liquid.
5.3.2. An EX is that water in a puddle dries up slowly because it evaporates from the sun.
5.4. Freezing
5.4.1. Opposite of melting is freezing (liquid to solid)
5.4.2. The freezing point in the temp at which liquids change into a solid.
5.4.3. Here we remove thermal energy slowing down the the particles.
5.5. Condensation
5.5.1. Remove enough energy from a gas and it will condense into a liquid.
5.5.2. Particles are slowed down, until eventually their attractive forces keep them together.
6. Molecular structure
6.1. Molecules
6.1.1. A group of atoms that are held together by chemical bonds and act as a unit. This is one set of compounds, where we combine at least 2 elements together.
6.1.2. For ex. we wouldn't say "a compound of water," but rather a "molecule of water."
6.2. Nonmetals
6.2.1. Non metals are gases at rm temp.
6.2.2. They can be individual atoms or diatomic molecules, where there are 2 atoms of the same.
6.2.3. The large space between don't allow them to conduct energy or thermal energy.
6.2.4. Have high potentials and kinetic energy
6.3. Non metal solids
6.3.1. These are poor conductors of electricity and thermal energy.
6.3.2. Individual atoms of the same type connected to form an extended structure.
6.3.3. Have low potential and kinetic energy
6.4. Metal
6.4.1. Solid at room temperature
6.4.2. These are shiny and malleable, so they can slide past each other without breaking
6.4.3. Allow electric and thermal energy to move in between
6.4.4. Have very high melting and boiling points
6.5. Ionic compounds
6.5.1. These are bonds that form between atoms of opposite charges
6.5.2. This is when one of the electrons leaves one element, and joins another element
6.6. Nonpolar Covalent Compounds
6.6.1. These are compounds that are neutral in terms of charge difference and do not pull in one direction or another
6.7. Dissolving
6.7.1. Polar molecules will dissolve with polar molecules
6.7.2. Non polar molecules will dissolve with non polar molecules
6.7.3. Such as: Oil and water do NOT mix because oil is a non polar and water is a polar
7. Matter, properties and changes
7.1. Flammability
7.1.1. The ability of a type of matter to burn easily, such as propane.
7.1.2. Cooking utensils are made to resist it
7.2. Oxidization
7.2.1. This is when substances, such as metal react and turn into rust.
7.2.2. This is usually indicated with a color change.
7.3. Reactivity
7.3.1. This is when a substance reacts with another substance to make a new substance.
7.3.2. This can be done with acid, which can dissolve.
7.4. Conductivity
7.4.1. A ability to conduct thermal energy or electricity
7.5. Solubility
7.5.1. How well something will dissolve with another
7.5.2. Likes dissolve (Polar with polar, nonpolar with nonpolar)
8. Deployment of theory
8.1. Ocean floor Topography
8.1.1. Data scientist gathered about the map of the sea floor
8.1.2. Was done using solar tech
8.2. Mid Ocean Ridges
8.2.1. Vast mountain ranges deep below the oceans surface
8.3. Ocean Trenches
8.3.1. Deep underwater throughs on the sea floor
8.3.2. The deepest of the world is the Mariana Trench
8.4. Isochron Map
8.4.1. Maps that show the age of the ocean floor
8.5. Sea floor spreading
8.5.1. The process which new pceanic crust continulisily forms along mid ocean ridges and is destryed at ocean trenches
8.6. Magma
8.6.1. Molten rock below Earth´s Surface.
8.6.2. It is less dense than the surrounding rocks and it rises up
8.7. Lava
8.7.1. Magma on the surface
8.8. Plate Tectonics
8.8.1. The surface is made of rigid slabs of rock that move with respects to one another
9. Hurricane
9.1. Intese tropical storm winds exceeding 119km/h.
9.2. Usually start near west coast of Northern Africa because of warm ocean water and humid air
9.3. Measuring by E-1 to E-5
10. Tornaodes
10.1. Violent whirling column of air in contact with the ground.
10.2. These occur everywhere but mostly USA
10.3. Fujita Damage intensity scale
11. Flood
11.1. This occurrs when a large volume of water overflows
11.2. These are cause by powerful
12. Drought
12.1. Extended period of well below average rainfall.
12.2. High pressure weather systems sinking air blocking moisture from forming clouds
12.2.1. Soil Erosion
12.2.2. Wildfire
12.2.3. Decrease in water supply
12.2.4. Agricultural Impact
12.3. More common in suummer because of heat
13. Plants
13.1. Epidermal leaf Cells
13.1.1. The outer layer of the plant cell is called epidermal layer (also applies to human skin)
13.2. Cuticle
13.2.1. The outer layer of leaves cell produces a waxy covering called the cuticle
13.3. Stomata
13.3.1. These are found on the bottom of leaves and allow passage of CO2, water vapor and oxygen
13.4. Mesophyll Cells
13.4.1. 2 kinds of mesophyll inside of the leaf
13.4.2. These are palisiade at the top and spongy below.
13.5. Chloroplasts
13.5.1. These are the organelles of the plant cells that are responsible for absorbing lights'
13.5.2. They contains pigments, which are chemicals used to absorb light
14. Sci method
14.1. Observation
14.1.1. Quantitative observation
14.1.1.1. Numbers and measurements
14.1.2. Qualitative observation
14.1.2.1. Colors
14.2. Question
14.2.1. Ask yourself something that can answered during experiment
14.3. Hypothesis
14.3.1. Predict what will happen
14.4. Test prediction
14.4.1. Experiment
14.5. iterative process
14.5.1. Add on to a prototype
14.6. Peer review
14.6.1. Seeing if you have the same results
15. Lab Safety standards
15.1. Hair
15.1.1. Always tie up your hair in a lab because it can catch on fire, knock something over and get contaminate a experiment
15.2. Clothing
15.2.1. When wearing clothes in the lab make sure they cover up as much skin as possible.
15.2.1.1. You can spill something bad on your skin
15.2.1.2. You can drop glass on your feet and cut them up when not wearing proper shoes
15.2.1.3. Always where protective glasses when in the lab because you can get something in your eye.
15.2.1.3.1. Regular glasses don't work
15.3. Hazard signs
15.3.1. Green means health
15.3.2. Red means flammable
15.3.3. yellow means chemical reaction
15.3.4. 0-4 is how much it will react 0 little reaction and 4 Giant reaction
15.4. MSDS
15.4.1. Before google this had every chemical written down in it and about it
15.5. Pipetting
15.5.1. LIke a straw that moves certain liquid around and hom much
15.5.1.1. Don't use your mouth or you can get sick and die
16. Matter
16.1. Solid
16.1.1. Matter with definite shape and volume
16.1.2. Particles are close together and vibrate in place
16.2. Liquid
16.2.1. Definite volume but not a definite shape.
16.2.2. They can flow between containers and difficult to compress.
16.2.3. Move around and collide withe each other
16.2.4. Move more then a solid
16.3. Gas
16.3.1. State of matter without definite shape or definite volume.
16.3.2. Can change its volume and shape because it’s easy to compress.
16.3.3. Is a fluid
16.3.4. Particles are spaced and move around randomly
16.3.5. move very fast
16.4. matter pic
17. Kinetic energy
17.1. Temperature
17.1.1. Speed of kinetic energy
17.2. Thermomoter
17.2.1. measure temperature (kinetic energy)
17.3. Kelvin scale
17.3.1. Developed to predict what temp particles would stop all motion
17.4. Potential energy
17.4.1. Stored kinetic energy
17.5. Thermal energy
17.5.1. Thermal energy is like where heat is in the atmosphere
18. Periodic
18.1. Periodic table
18.1.1. Carbon=C
18.1.2. Gold=Au
18.1.3. Potassium=K
18.1.4. chlorine=Cl
18.1.5. Sodium=Na
18.1.6. Sulfur=S
18.1.7. Oxygen=O
18.1.8. Silver=Ag
18.1.9. Cobalt=Co
18.1.10. Nickle=Ni
18.2. Atoms
18.2.1. Substances
18.2.1.1. Substances are what the atoms make up
18.2.2. Elements
18.2.2.1. Each atom is a different element like how 2o and 1 H =water a.k.a. H2o
18.2.3. Compounds
18.2.3.1. Compounds are when 2 different elements combine
18.2.4. Atoms make up the substances called molecules
18.3. Chemical formula
18.3.1. A chemical formula is basically making a compound
18.3.1.1. H+2o=H2o=water
18.4. Periodic image
19. Elements
19.1. Properties of metals and non metals
19.1.1. The observable behavior of the bulk substance depends on the structures at the un observable atomic and molecular levels. Elements can be classified into groups based on their structures and properties.
19.2. Nonmetal gases
19.2.1. Many nonmetals are gases at room temp which can only be tested with sophisticated equipment.
19.2.2. When a molecule is diatomic, is it made of 2 atoms that are the same. This means gases have high potential energy and high kinetic energy.
19.2.3. Due to large amount of space between particles = can't conduct electricity or thermal energy
19.3. Non metal solids
19.3.1. The attraction between atoms are low. Poor conductors. low kinetic/potential energy. low melting points.
19.4. Metals
19.4.1. Solids at room temp. Metal atoms are attracted to each other. and form extend structures. Slides past each other when hit/bent with a hammer. Metals have low kinetic and potential energy which means that a greater amount of thermal energy must be added to change solid to liquid. That is why metals have a very high melting and boiling points!
19.5. Types of compounds
19.5.1. Atoms can form complex molecules that range in size to a couple of atoms to thousands of atoms. This type of structure is generally formed between a metal and a nonmetal of opposite charges.
19.6. Molecules
19.6.1. A type molecule is made of different types of atoms that are attracted to each other to form extended structures. Ex. sugar and nylon
19.7. Proprieties of Ionic and covalent compounds
19.7.1. The observable behavior of the bulk substances depends on the structures at the un observable atomic and molecular levels. Just like the elements, compounds be classified into group based on the structures and their properties.
19.8. Ionic compounds
19.8.1. Ionic compounds are formed between atoms of opposite charges. Form extended structures with repeating sub units as solids.
19.9. Extended structures
19.9.1. Recognize that Extended structures are made of the same atoms
20. Matter, properties and changes
20.1. Qualitative characteristics
20.1.1. A characteristic you can observe, like color, gender, and marriage status
20.2. Quantitative Characteristic
20.2.1. A characteristic you can measure, like mass
20.3. Mass
20.3.1. This is the amount of matter in a substance.
20.3.2. Directly related to the amount of atoms that make up a organism
20.3.3. This is often measured in kilograms or grams
20.4. Weight
20.4.1. It is related to the mass of a object
20.4.2. It is also dependent on the gravitational force that is acting on
20.4.3. An objects mass is the same on planet earth and on the moon but the weight is different because of the gravitational pull
20.5. Volume
20.5.1. This it the amount of space that is taken up
20.5.2. The larger something is, the more volume it takes up.
20.5.3. Units for volume are cubic centimeters liters and milliliters.
20.6. Density
20.6.1. The ratio of the amount of mass there is in a object and the volume is called density
20.6.2. It is the mass per unit volume of a substance and size is dependent
20.6.3. Every substance has its own unique density
20.7. Density and state of matter
20.7.1. Solids are the most dense because the atoms are packed together
20.7.2. Liquid have less density than solids sin there particles are spread more
20.8. Chemical change
20.8.1. Matter can change into another substance with diff. chemical and physical properties
20.8.2. Signs: Change color, odor, energy
20.9. Chemical reaction
20.9.1. Old bonds breaking and new forming when 2 or more substances react to each other
20.10. Chemical equations
20.10.1. Chemical Equation: ! way to model chemical changes
20.10.2. Reactants: The starting substance of what foes into a chemical reaction
20.10.3. Products: The substance that comes out of a chemical reaction
20.10.4. Coefficient: Numbers placed in front of a element symbol or chemical formula in a equation
20.11. Antoine Lavoisier
20.11.1. Scientist in 1743 - 1794 that was able to show mass was conserved in chemical reactions
20.12. Law of conservation of mass
20.12.1. The number of atoms involved with a chemical reaction is the same before and after it occurs
20.12.2. The mass stays the same
20.13. Atomic mass
20.13.1. Each elements mass represented by the number of protons and neutrons that makes it up
21. Every Changes in chemical Reactions
21.1. Ch. Potential energy
21.1.1. Energy realeses when atoms form bonds
21.1.2. The amount is dependent on the type of the bond
21.2. Endothermic Reactions
21.2.1. Chemicals Reacts, is where more energy is required to break the bonds of the reactants than is released when products form
21.2.2. This is when heat is absorbed, and the object feels cold.
21.3. Exothermic Reaction
21.3.1. Chemical reaction where more energy is released when the products form than is required to break the bonds in the reactants.
21.3.2. Energy is released during a chemical reaction
21.3.3. This is when heat is released, the product feels hot
21.4. Concentrations in reactions
21.4.1. Increasing the concentration increases the collisions of the articles, which will cause a faster rate
21.5. Law of conservation of energy
21.5.1. Energy cannot be made/destroyed but is transferred
21.6. Video
22. Cycling of earth materials
22.1. Rock
22.1.1. Naturally occurring solid mixture composed of minerals, smaller rock fragments, organic matter, or glass
22.1.2. Igneous Rock (Extrusive)
22.1.2.1. When lava cools and crystallized on Earth's Surface and don’t have time to grow in size
22.1.2.2. These are usually grained
22.1.3. Igneous Rock (Intrusive)
22.1.3.1. Igneous rock that forms when magma cools and crystallizes inside Earth
22.1.4. Sedimentary Rock
22.1.4.1. Rock material that forms where rocks are broken down into smaller pieces or dissolved in water.
22.1.5. Sedimentary Rock Lithification
22.1.5.1. The process through which sediment turns into rock
22.1.5.2. Sediment deposits become thicker over time
22.1.6. Sedimentary Rock Compaction
22.1.6.1. The weight from the layers of sediments forces out fluids and decreases space between grain
22.1.7. Sedimentary Rock Cementation
22.1.7.1. When minerals dissolved in surrounding water crystallize between grains of sediment
22.1.8. Metamorphic Rocks
22.1.8.1. When temperature and pressure combine and change the texture, mineral composition, or chemical composition of a rock without melting it
22.1.8.2. Requires high pressure and heat
22.2. Mineral
22.2.1. Naturally occurring, inorganic solid with a definite chemical composition and an orderly arrangement of atoms or ions
22.3. Crystallization
22.3.1. Particles dissolved in a liquid, lava or magma solidify and form crystals
22.4. Rock cycle
22.4.1. Change one type of rock into another type of rock
23. Volcanoes
23.1. Belts
23.1.1. Volcanoes form at active plate boundaries. There are two major belts. One is the Ring of Fire, and the other is the Alpide belt.
23.2. Hot spots
23.2.1. Volcanoes not associated with plate boundaries are hot spots. An example is the Hawaiian Islands which are over the Pacific Plate
23.3. Mudflows
23.3.1. Melted snow and ice with ash, sometimes called lahars
23.4. LavaFlows
23.4.1. Slow moving lava that hardens as it cools down
23.5. Volcanic Ash
23.5.1. Volcanic ash can disrupt air traffic, damage crops, and air quality
23.6. Gases
23.6.1. Dissolved gases in magma such as sulfur dioxide and tons of CO2
23.6.2. Gases are collected in vents, certain gases are warnings
23.7. Landslides
23.7.1. When the volcano shakes the terrain, rocks and particles fall
23.8. Pyroclastic flows
23.8.1. Fast moving avalanches of hot gas, ash and rock
23.9. Deformation
23.9.1. Ground will begin to change close to eruption
23.10. Groud vibration
23.10.1. Earthquake is an indicator of an impending implosion
23.11. Remote sensing
23.11.1. Remote sensing can show how much heat a volcano is emitting
23.12. Lava collection
23.12.1. Remote sensing can show how much heat a volcano is emitting
24. Ecosystems
24.1. Producers
24.1.1. Makes edible sugar and nutrients
24.2. Consumers
24.2.1. Eats producers
24.3. Primary consumerss
24.3.1. Eats consumers that eat plants
24.4. Secondary consumers
24.4.1. Eats the primary consumer
24.5. Tertiary consumer
24.5.1. Usually apex predator
24.6. Detritivores
24.6.1. Decompose dead consumers and producers and get energy out of it
24.7. Food chain
24.7.1. Plant starts out - deer eats plant- wolf eats deer- Decomposer eat what left and gives energy to fretilizers and gose to plants.
24.8. Food web
24.8.1. Multiple food chains together
24.9. Energy Pyramid
25. Review
25.1. Ecological succession
25.1.1. Ex: Small plants to Huge trees
25.2. Climax community
25.2.1. No more changes
25.3. Primary succession
25.3.1. Occurs in new areas of land with little soil or vegetation like lave flow
25.4. Secondary succession
25.4.1. This is where an ecosystem that is already established is destroyed and need to have a fresh start. Ex forest fire
25.5. Eutrophiction
25.5.1. Ex To much fertilizer
25.6. Dynamic Equilibrium
25.6.1. Balance between parts of the ecosystem Ex Natural disasters
25.7. Resource extraction
25.7.1. Oil and water can cause problems from drilling and deforestation
25.8. Pollution
25.8.1. TO MUCH TRASH
25.9. Invasive species
25.9.1. Not supposed to be there
26. Disruption of Earths resorces
26.1. Natral Resource
26.1.1. Primary forms: Food Water Shelter
26.2. Ores
26.2.1. Deposits of minerals that are large enough to be mined for profit: copper, quartz, etc
26.3. Renewable resources
26.3.1. Replaced natrully like air, water, etc.
26.4. Nonrenwable resorces
26.4.1. Includes fossile fules, minerals
26.5. Subduction zones
26.5.1. Areas where one tectonic plates sink beneath each other and are usually crystallized
26.6. Soil
26.6.1. Loose, weathered materiel that come primarily breakdown for rocks
26.7. Porosity
26.7.1. More pore space=more water storage
26.8. Permeabilty
26.8.1. More permeable = more water sinks in
27. 6 ecolgy levels
27.1. The biosphere
27.1.1. inclusive level of organizaion that includes all living organism
27.2. Biome
27.2.1. Regions and habitats of the earth
27.3. Ecosytems
27.3.1. Includes all organsims
27.3.2. Biotic = living
27.3.3. Abiotic = non-living
27.4. Communities
27.4.1. Includes all the interact living organism
27.5. Populations
27.5.1. Includes all members of the same species in one place
27.6. Organism/Individual
27.6.1. The simplest level is a single organism
27.7. Limiting factor
27.7.1. Food water shelter keep a species alive
27.8. Biotic potential
27.8.1. Potential growth in perfect condition
27.9. Carrying capacity
27.9.1. The largest number of individuals of one species
27.10. Over population
27.10.1. Population size grows so large that is causes damage to the enviroment
27.11. Extinction
27.11.1. Species that has dies out when no individuals are left
27.12. Endangered species
27.12.1. Species whose population is at risk of extinction
27.13. Threatened species
27.13.1. A species is at risk but not yet endangered
28. The cycles
28.1. Carbon
28.1.1. Cellur respertation
28.1.1.1. Using carbon to break apart molecules
28.1.2. Photsythesis
28.1.2.1. Plants changing energy
28.1.3. Sedimentatiom
28.1.4. Decompositian
28.1.4.1. Bacteria eating dead things
28.1.5. fossil fuels
28.1.5.1. Heated and compresses dead thing
28.1.6. Combustion
28.1.6.1. Exhaling
28.2. Water
28.2.1. Evaporation
28.2.1.1. Water to water vapor
28.2.2. Condensation
28.2.2.1. Water V. into clouds
28.2.3. Precipitation
28.2.3.1. Rain, snow, sleet,hail
28.2.4. Runoff
28.2.4.1. To much water to absorb in the ground
28.2.5. seepage
28.2.5.1. Rarely overflow
28.3. Oxygen
28.3.1. Photosynthesis
28.3.1.1. Plants making energy with oxygen
28.3.2. Cellular respiration
28.3.2.1. Carbon separation molecules
28.4. Nitrogen
28.4.1. Precipitation
28.4.1.1. Falls with water
28.4.2. Nitrogen Fixation
28.4.2.1. Nitrogen (N2) combining with elements
28.4.3. Ammonficaton
28.4.3.1. Decomposing
28.4.4. Nitrification
28.4.4.1. Reduces compounds
28.4.5. Assimilatiom
28.4.5.1. Absorption
28.4.6. Denifricaratyion
28.4.6.1. Opposite of nitrification