HEALTHCARE MODELS

1. BEVERIDGE MODEL

1.1. Government employees

1.2. Seen in UK, Cuba, Spain, Hong Kong etc

1.3. Financing through tax payment

1.4. No medical bills, low cost treatment

1.5. Healthy people pay as much as the sick

1.6. Everyone has access

2. BISMARCK MODEL

2.1. Seen in Germany, Japan, Switzerland etc

2.2. Higher cost from freedom of choice

2.3. High freedom of choice, govt regulates services and fees

2.4. Financed via employers, employees deductions, government

2.5. Payer via private non-profit insurance companies

2.6. Providers are private

3. NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE MODEL

3.1. Payer government insurance program

3.2. Financed via individual payment into govt insurance

3.3. Single-payer leverage, lower costs,

3.4. High hospital wait time

4. OUT-OF-POCKET

4.1. Seen in Africa, India, Myanmar, most countries

4.2. Payer are individuals

4.3. Financed via personal spending

4.4. The rich receives care, others go to traditional healers

5. Government and Private employees

6. Payer is governement

7. Government regulate price, healthcare for all

8. Aim is to make healthcare accessible