1. Effectiveness
1.1. Least
1.1.1. • University Research Chairs • Licensing • Seminar and Workshops • Member Company Programs • Newsletter
1.2. Most
1.2.1. Collaborative Research • University Sabbaticals in industry • Contract Research • Industry Visit to universities • Student Projects and Work terms in industry
2. Strategies
2.1. • Involve industry in Applied Research • Increase industrial R&D Investment • Promote University-Industry Communications • Increase funding for most effective transfer mechanisms • Change academic environment to promote industry interaction
3. Types
3.1. Informal Contacts, Consulting, and Personnel Exchange
3.1.1. U.S and Germany Science & Engineering faculties are allowed to spend 20% of their time on consulting with industry
3.2. Cooperative Research
3.2.1. U. S institutions setting up UIRCs (University-Industry Research Center) to facilitate industry access to university research results and otherwise.
3.3. Patent Licensing
3.3.1. Most American universities have established offices that support the patenting of inventions and the active marketing of these patents
3.4. Start-up Companies
3.4.1. Play critical role in the transfer and commercialization of fast-moving, science-based technology in the United States via movement or spin-out of researchers from universities.